Table 1.

Mean (standard deviation) values or percentages and univariate associations of baseline characteristics of individuals (n = 3109) with all observed HbA1c measurements (n = 9918)

Baseline characteristic	Mean (s.d.) or %	Estimate	95% CI	p
Age	58.5 (11.7)	−0.172	−0.205, −0.139	<0.001
% male	54.0	0.227	0.153, 0.301	<0.001
% non‐white	12.7	−0.249	−0.354, −0.144	<0.001
Duration of diabetes	2.0 (2.8)	0.018	0.006, 0.030	0.003
Duration of diabetes <1 year	55.6	−0.195	−0.269, −0.121	<0.001
HbA1c at metformin initiation	8.2% (1.7)	0.188	0.157, 0.219	<0.001
Months since first metformin dispense	8.7 (1.8)	0.055	0.034, 0.076	<0.001
Current smoker	12.7	0.044	−0.072, 0.160	0.463
Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg)	131 (16)	0.047	0.029, 0.065	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure <130 mmHg	41.0	−0.022	−0.098, 0.054	0.565
LDL cholesterol (per 0.26 mmol/l)	2.7 (0.9)	0.029	0.020, 0.039	<0.001
LDL cholesterol <2.6 mmol/l	43.6	−0.147	−0.221, −0.073	<0.001
Ischaemic heart disease	13.7	−0.036	−0.136, 0.064	0.475
Heart failure	4.8	−0.069	−0.227, 0.089	0.394
Depression	28.9	−0.117	−0.197, −0.037	0.004
Retinopathy	1.8	0.13	−0.091, 0.351	0.252
Neuropathy	8.1	−0.157	−0.280, −0.034	0.013
Chronic kidney disease	6.6	−0.264	−0.378, −0.150	<0.001
ACE/ARB use	63.9	−0.019	−0.099, 0.061	0.652
β‐blocker use	35.5	−0.183	−0.257, −0.109	<0.001
Other antihypertensive use	39.9	−0.233	−0.306, −0.160	<0.001
Statin use	66.7	−0.073	−0.156, 0.010	0.087
Total number of medication classes	8.5 (4.1)	−0.033	−0.042, −0.024	<0.001
Total number of medication classes ≥5	85.1	−0.237	−0.354, −0.120	<0.001
Body mass index*	35.7 (7.8)	0.007	0.002, 0.012	0.008

ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; s.d., standard deviation.

^*Data missing for 107 individuals and 323 observations.