Table 6.
Significant multiple logistic regression results (P<0.01) for high total costs (75th percentile) 1 year post-OD among patients with one or more ODs (N=2,039)
| Variablesa | OR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geisinger PCP pre-OD | 1.97 | 1.26–3.08 | 0.003 |
| Opioid Rx orders 1–2 pre-OD vs none | 2.06 | 1.44–2.97 | <0.001 |
| Opioid Rx orders 3–8 pre-OD vs none | 3.14 | 2.12–4.65 | <0.001 |
| Opioid Rx orders 9+ pre-OD vs none | 4.62 | 3.04–7.01 | <0.001 |
| Charlson chronic disease score 4+ pre-OD | 2.57 | 1.83–3.61 | <0.001 |
| Migraine Rx order pre-OD | 1.48 | 1.14–1.92 | 0.003 |
| Antianxiety Rx order pre-OD | 1.44 | 1.13–1.85 | 0.004 |
| CVD pre-OD | 2.15 | 1.63–2.86 | <0.001 |
Notes: Area under the ROC curve =0.78; Hosmer–Lemeshow test = P>0.393. Results shown are for significant variables that were retained in the final model with a P-value of <0.01. All patients had one or more ICD-9-coded ODs during the study period.
Age (in years) and male sex were also included in the logistic regression model, resulting in age OR =0.99, P=0.023, and male sex OR =0.92, P=0.92, in the final stepwise model.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases-9; OD, opioid overdose; OR, odds ratio; PCP, primary care physician; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; Rx, prescription.