. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Sch Health. 2016 Oct;86(10):699–708. doi: 10.1111/josh.12428

Table 3.

Association Between Changes in Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Favorable vs Unfavorable Changes in BMI

Variable	BMI Change	Unadjusted BL Mean (SD)	Unadjusted FUP Mean (SD)	Unadjusted Mean Change FUP-BL	Adjusted FUP Mean^* (95% CI)	Adjusted Mean Difference^* (95% CI)	p-value
Totals energy (calories)	Unfavorable		1534.46 (82.90)	−208.	1552.28 (1402.81–1701.76)	−87.83 (−308.79–133.12)	.432
Totals energy (calories)	Favorable	1888.60 (127.64)	1485.42 (83.85)	−403.	1464.45 (1302.28–1626.63)
Servings in fruits and vegetables in past 7days	Unfavorable	3.68 (0.21)	4.25 (0.18)	0.57	4.15 (3.58–4.72)	−0.36 (−0.92–0.21)	.212
Servings in fruits and vegetables in past 7days	Favorable	3.39 (0.24)	3.76 (0.25)	0.37	3.79 (3.22–4.37)
Days eat breakfast in past 7days	Unfavorable	4.08 (0.33)	4.28 (0.34)	0.20	4.34 (3.76–4.91)	−0.21 (−0.93–0.50)	.558
Days eat breakfast in past 7days	Favorable	4.25 (0.36)	4.18 (0.36)	−0.08	4.13 (3.53–4.72)
Days drink soda in past 7days	Unfavorable	1.50 (0.19)	1.53 (0.17)	0.03	1.53 (1.25–1.81)	−0.71 (−1.12–−0.30)	.001
Days drink soda in past 7days	Favorable	1.49 (0.20)	0.82 (0.14)	−0.67	0.83 (0.52–1.13)
Times eat fast food in past 7days	Unfavorable	1.13 (0.16)	1.20 (0.16)	0.07	1.19 (0.85–1.53)	−0.40 (−0.84–0.03)	.07
Times eat fast food in past 7days	Favorable	1.00 (0.14)	0.78 (0.15)	−0.22	0.78 (0.43–1.13)
Days physically active in past 7days	Unfavorable	3.62 (0.27)	4.22 (0.29)	0.60	4.14 (3.56–4.72)	−0.14 (−0.82–0.53)	.675
Days physically active in past 7days	Favorable	3.37 (0.30)	3.90 (0.29)	0.53	3.99 (3.40–4.59)
%Time spent in MVPA each day^†	Favorable	31.78 (1.32)	28.90 (1.70)	−2.88	29.12 (26.41–31.82)	0.71 (−3.10–4.51)	.713
%Time spent in MVPA each day^†	Unfavorable	31.12 (1.51)	29.36 (1.47)	−1.76	29.82 (27.15–32.49)
Hours spent watching TV or video games	Unfavorable	2.37 (0.13)	2.27 (0.14)	−0.10	2.29 (2.06–2.52)	−0.19 (−0.51–0.12)	.233
Hours spent watching TV or video games	Favorable	2.43 (0.12)	2.12 (0.13)	−0.31	2.10 (1.85–2.34)

CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; MVPA, moderate to vigorous activity.

Adjusted means from mixed effects regression models adjusted for school and baseline measurement of each variable; Adjusted Mean Difference (Adjusted FUP Mean for Favorable BMI Change—Adjusted FUP Mean for Unfavorable BMI Change).

^†

Accelerometer data available for only 83 students at baseline and follow-up.