Table 3. List of transgenic plants encoding PA biosynthetic genes.

Name of PA genes	Source Organisms	Transgenic plants	Accumulated PA	Tolerance developed	Ref. No
ADC	Avena sativa	Oryza sativa	Put	Salinity	24
ADC	Datura stramonium	Oryza sativa	Put, Spd, Spm	Drought	26
ADC	Avena sativa	Solanum meloangena	Put, Spd, Spm	Salinity, drought, low and high temperature, heavy metal	108
ADC	Avena sativa	Triticum aestivum	Put, Spd, Spm	Drought	109
ADC-2	Arabidopsis thaliana	Arabidopsis thaliana	Put	Drought	10
ADC	Avena sativa	Arabidopsis thaliana	Put	Drought, freezing	110
ADC	Poncirus trifoliata	Arabidopsis thaliana	Put	Osmotic, drought, cold, oxidative	111
Anti ACC	Dianthus caryophyllus	Nicotiana tabacum	Spd, Spm	Oxidative	114
ODC	Mus musculus	Nicotiana tabacum	Put	Salt	121
SAMDC	Hordeum chilense x Triticum turgidum	Oryza sativa	Spd, Spm	Salt	25
SAMDC	Homo sapiens	Nicotiana tabacum	Put, Spd	Salt, drought, fungal wilt	113
SAMDC	Dianthus caryophyllus	Nicotiana tabacum	Spd	Salt, cold, acidic, oxidative	112
SAMDC	Dianthus stramonium	Oryza sativa	Spd, Spm	Drought	122
SAMDC	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Solanum lycopersicon	Spd,Spm	Heat, oxidative	27
SAMDC	Malus domestica	Nicotiana tabacum	Spd	Chilling, salt, osmotic	123
SPDS-1	Cucurbita ficifolia	A. Arabidopsis B. thaliana	Spd	Chilling, salt, drought	116
SPDS-1	Cucurbita ficifolia	Ipomoea batatas	Spd	Salt, drought	117
SPDS-1	Malus domestica	Pyrus communis	Spd, Spm	Salt, osmotic	118
SPDS-1	Malus domestica	Pyrus communis	Spd	Heavy metals, oxidative	119

ACC, Aminocyclopropane carboxylate; ADC, Arginine decarboxylase; ODC, Ornithine decarboxylase; Put, Putrescine; SAMDC, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; SPDS, Spermidine synthase; Spd, Spermidine; Spm, Spermine.