TABLE 2.

GM HT maize: summary of average farm level economic impacts 1996–2014 ($/hectare)

Country	Cost of technology	Average farm income benefit (after deduction of cost of technology)	Aggregate income benefit (million $)	Type of benefit	References
US	15–30	26	6,106.1	Cost savings	Carpenter and Gianessi (2002) Sankala and Blumenthal (2003, 2005) Johnson and Strom (2008) Also updated annually to reflect herbicide price and common product usage
Canada	17–35	14	137.3	Cost savings	Monsanto Canada (personal communications) and updated annually since 2008 to reflect changes in herbicide prices and usage
Argentina	16–33	79	1,243.0	Cost savings plus yield gains over 10% and higher in some regions	Personal communication from Monsanto Argentina, Grupo CEO and updated since 2008 to reflect changes in herbicide prices and usage
South Africa	10–18	5	48.3	Cost savings	Personal communication from Monsanto South Africa and updated since 2008 to reflect changes in herbicide prices and usage
Brazil	16–32	53	1,368.3	Cost savings plus yield gains of +1% to +7%	Galveo (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014)
Colombia	22–24	16	3.8	Cost savings	Mendez et al (2011)
Philippines	24–47	34	141.6	Cost savings plus yield gains of +5% to +15%	Gonsales (2009) Monsanto Philippines (personal communications) Updated since 2010 to reflect changes in herbicide prices and usage
Paraguay	16–17	1	0.9	Cost saving	Personal communication from Monsanto Paraguay and AMIS Global – annually updated to reflect changes in herbicide prices and usage
Uruguay	9–17	3	1.2	Cost saving	Personal communication from Monsanto Uruguay and AMIS Global - updated annually to reflect changes in herbicide prices and usage

1. The range in values for cost of technology relates to annual changes in the average cost paid by farmers. It varies for reasons such as the price of the technology set by seed companies, exchange rates, average seed rates and values identified in different studies.

2. For additional details of how impacts have been estimated, see examples in Appendix 1.