Fig 1. Effects of ISO and/or ANP on ROS production in sham and failing cardiomyocytes.

A. Representative images of echocardiography in a sham operated dog and a HF dog. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in a sham operated dog was 79%, while LVEF in a HF dog was 22%. RV, right ventricle; IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; Sham, sham operated control. B. Representative images depicting intracellular ROS production in sham and failing cardiomyocytes corresponding to Fig A. Cardiomyocytes were subjected to immunofluorescence staining with a ROS-sensitive fluorescent dye (DCFH-DA) after electrical pacing at 0.5 Hz. Upper panels: sham cardiomyocytes. Bottom panels: failing cardiomyocytes. C. Bar graph representation of the data in Fig 1B. The bars indicate the means ± SE. Each group included 20–30 cells. At least 4 cells were evaluated for each preparation. D. Representative images depicting the antioxidant effect of the free radical scavenger edaravone (100 μM), ANP (10 nM) and Mito-tempo (100 μM) after exposure to H₂O₂ (25 μM) in sham cardiomyocytes. E. Bar graph representation of the data in Fig 1D. The bars indicate the means ± SE. Changes in the fluorescence intensities of DCFH-DA were compared among cell treatment with edaravone (100 μM), ANP (10 nM) and Mito-tempo (100 μM) Each group included 20–30 cells. At least 4 cells were evaluated for each preparation.