Table 1.

Patterns of renal disease in HIV infection

Renal disorder	Association/subtype
Glomerular lesion
HIV FSGS or “classic”	APOL1 risk variants
HIVAN	Mixed variant (HIV FSGS in combination with a proliferative glomerulonephritis)
HIVICD (these patients may be coinfected with hepatitis B or C)	Mesangial proliferative Membranoproliferative (types I and II) Lupus like Exudative proliferative Crescentic Immunoglobulin A Membranous
Various glomerulonephropathies (heterogeneous group with various etiologies)	Minimal change disease Immunotactoid nephropathy Amyloidosis
HIV TTP/HUS	TTP HUS
Tubulointerstitial disease
Proximal tubular injury	Tenofovir, adefovir, cidofovir, didanosine
Chronic tubular injury	Amphotericin, tenofovir, adefovir, cidofovir
Diabetes insipidus	Amphotericin, tenofovir, didanosine, abacavir
Crystal nephropathy	Indinavir, atazanavir, sulfadiazine, ciprofloxacin, acyclovir (IV)
Interstitial nephritis	Infections (including HIV, BK virus) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome following cART Allergy to β-lactam, rifampicin, proton pump inhibitors, allopurinol, phenytoin, and drugs causing crystal nephropathy (listed in this table)
Comorbid illness
Diabetic nephropathy
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
Autoimmune disease (lupus nephritis)

Note: Adapted from Naicker S, Rahmanian S, Kopp JB. HIV and chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol. 2015;83(7 Suppl 1):32–38, with permission.137 Adapted from Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J, editors. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the kidney. Kopp JB, Naicker S. Philadelphia: © Elsevier Saunders; 2015.138

Abbreviations: cART, combined antiretroviral therapy; FSGS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; HIVAN, HIV-associated nephropathy; HIVICD, HIV immune complex disease; HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome; IV, intravenous; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.