Table 2.
Associations of HIV, cocaine use, and hepatitis C with carotid artery plaque and intima-media thickness among 279 participants, Baltimore, Maryland
| Risk factor | Presence of carotid plaque at baseline |
Carotid plaque progression |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
Frequency (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
|
| Cocaine use | ||||||
| Never (n=55) | 16 (29) | ref. | ref. | 9 (20) | ref. | ref. |
| Past (n=78) | 49 (63) | 4.1 (2.0, 8.6)† | 3.3 (1.5, 7.3)‡ | 27 (42) | 2.9 (1.2, 7.1)‡ | 1.9 (0.8, 4.9) |
| Current (n=146) | 84 (58) | 3.3 (1.7, 6.4)† | 2.7 (1.3, 5.5)‡ | 31 (28) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.5) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) |
| HIV status | ||||||
| Negative (n=96) | 79 (43) | ref. | ref. | 14 (20) | ref. | ref. |
| Positive (n=183) | 107 (57) | 1.5 (.9, 2.5) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) | 53 (35) | 2.2 (1.1, 4.4)‡ | 2.1 (1.0, 4.3)‡ |
| Hepatitis C status | ||||||
| Negative (n=169) | 83 (49) | ref. | ref. | 32 (24) | ref. | ref. |
| Positive (n=110) | 66 (60) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 35 (41) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.1)‡ | 1.9 (1.0, 3.6)‡ |
| CVD risk score§ | - | - | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4)† | - | - | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8)‡ |
|
Carotid IMT at baseline (µm) |
Annualized change in carotid IMT (µm/year) |
|||||
| Mean ± sd | Unadjusted difference (95% CI) |
Adjusted* difference (95% CI) |
Mean ± sd | Unadjusted difference (95% CI) |
Adjusted* difference (95% CI) |
|
| Cocaine use | ||||||
| Never (n=55) | 788 ± 259 | ref. | ref. | 16 ± 58 | ref. | ref. |
| Past (n=78) | 852 ± 243 | 64 (−26, 154) | 30 (−60, 121) | 16 ± 52 | −1 (−23, 22) | −10 (−33, 13) |
| Current (n=146) | 852 ± 268 | 64 (−17, 145) | 32 (−51, 11) | 14 ± 63 | −2 (−23, 18) | −12 (−33, 10) |
| HIV status | ||||||
| Negative (n=96) | 841 ± 224 | ref. | ref. | 13 ± 43 | ref. | ref. |
| Positive (n=183) | 839 ± 277 | −2 (−67, 62) | 3 (−62, 68) | 16 ± 65 | 4 (−13, 20) | 5 (−12, 22) |
| Hepatitis C status | ||||||
| Negative (n=169) | 825 ± 268 | ref. | ref. | 9 ± 61 | ref. | ref. |
| Positive (n=110) | 862 ± 246 | 38 (−25, 99) | 15 (−49, 79) | 24 ± 55 | 15 (−1,31) | 14 (−2, 31) |
| CVD risk score§ | - | - | 76 (47, 105)† | - | - | 2 (1, 4)‡ |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref., reference group; IMT, intima-media thickness; sd, standard deviation
*
Adjusted models include all variables shown
†
P < 0.001
‡
P < 0.05 and P ≥ 0.001
§
ACC/AHA CVD risk score25 is the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease derived from an equation that includes age, sex, race, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and use of antihypertensive medication. Point estimates are expressed per 5 percentage point increase in the risk score.