Table 3.
Associations of cocaine use, HIV, and hepatitis C with baseline albuminuiria and albuminuria progression among 292 participants, Baltimore, Maryland
| Presence of albuminuria at baseline |
Albuminuria progression |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | Frequency (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
Frequency (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted* OR (95% CI) |
| Cocaine use | ||||||
| Never (n=57) | 5 (9) | ref. | ref. | 11 (19) | ref. | ref. |
| Past (n=82) | 15 (18) | 2.3 (0.8, 6.8) | 1.7 (0.6, 5.2) | 16 (20) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) |
| Current (n=153) | 23 (15) | 1.8 (0.7, 5.1) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.9) | 44 (29) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.6) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.6) |
| HIV status | ||||||
| Negative (n=100) | 8 (8) | ref. | ref. | 14 (14) | ref. | ref. |
| Positive (n=192) | 35 (18) | 2.6 (1.1, 5.8)† | 2.4 (1.0, 5.6)† | 57 (30) | 2.6 (1.4, 4.9)† | 2.5 (1.3, 4.8)† |
| Hepatitis C status | ||||||
| Negative (n=177) | 22 (12) | ref. | ref. | 36 (20) | ref. | ref. |
| Positive (n=115) | 21 (18) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 35 (30) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) |
| CVD risk score‡ | - | - | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | - | - | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref., reference group
*
Adjusted models include all variables shown.
†
P < 0.05
‡
ACC/AHA CVD risk score25 is the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease derived from an equation that includes age, sex, race, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and use of antihypertensive medication. Point estimates are expressed per 5 percentage point increase in the risk score.