Table 4.

Candidate factors of referential choice.

(1) Referent’s factors

• Animacy: animate, inanimate, collective (for such entities as organizations) • Gender (for animate referents only): masculine, feminine, mixed (for groups of people with various or unspecified gender) • Person: 1, 2, 3 • Number: singular, plural • Protagonism: numeric value

(2) Anaphor’s factors

• Ordinal number of referent mention in the referential chain: integer • Type of phrase: noun phrase, prepositional phrase • Grammatical role: subject, direct object, indirect object, oblique (with preposition), attribute, ’s-genitive, of-genitive, postpositive specification

(3) Antecedent’s factors

• Type of phrase (values same as in the section “Anaphor’s factors”) • Grammatical role (values same as in the section “Anaphor’s factors”) • Referential form: ∘ pronoun: personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, zero ∘ description: a-description, the-description, bare description, demonstrative description, possessive description ∘ attributive ∘ numeral ∘ proper name: first, last, first and last, initials and last, non-person, acronym ∘ Antecedent length, in words: integer

(4) Distances between anaphor and antecedent

• Distance in words: integer • Distance in all markables: integer • Number of markables in chain from the anaphor back to the nearest full NP antecedent: integer • Linear distance in EDUs: integer • Rhetorical distance (RhD) in elementary discourse units: integer • Distance in sentences: integer • Distance in paragraphs: integer