Table 4.
Participant characteristics.
| Characteristics | Total (N=36) |
Iterative testing round | |||
|
|
|
1 (n=10) | 2 (n=13) | 3 (n=13) | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 52.4 (9.5) | 51.6 (9.1) | 52.4 (11.7) | 52.8 (7.8) | |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Male | 16 (44.4) | 6 (60.0) | 4 (30.8) | 6 (46.2) |
|
|
Female | 20 (55.6) | 4 (40.0) | 9 (69.2) | 7 (53.8) |
| Race a , n (%) | |||||
|
|
White | 13 (37.1) | 3 (30.0) | 5 (38.5) | 5 (41.7) |
|
|
Nonwhiteb | 22 (62.8) | 7 (70.0) | 8 (61.5) | 7 (58.3) |
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 13.7 (2.5) | 14.0 (3.0) | 13.8 (2.3) | 13.3 (2.4) | |
| Annual household income c , US$, n (%) | |||||
|
|
<10,000 | 7 (21.2) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (16.7) |
|
|
10,000-34,999 | 15 (45.4) | 3 (37.5) | 6 (46.2) | 6 (50.0) |
|
|
≥35,000 | 11 (33.3) | 4 (50.0) | 3 (23.1) | 4 (33.3) |
| Comfortable with using mobile phone, n (%) | 36 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 13 (100.0) | 13 (100.0) | |
| Text message with mobile phone, n (%) | 36 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 13 (100.0) | 13 (100.0) | |
| Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | 7.3 (6.0) | 7.4 (6.5) | 9.4 (6.4) | 5.0 (4.5) | |
| Number of prescribed diabetes medications, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.8) | |
| Insulin status, taking insulin, n (%) | 17 (47.2) | 4 (40.0) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | |
| Health literacy (BHLS d ), mean (SD) | 11.4 (2.7) | 10.9 (3.1) | 11.6 (2.2) | 11.6 (2.9) | |
|
|
Limited (≤9), n (%) | 10 (27.8) | 3 (30) | 3 (23.1) | 4 (30.8) |
|
|
Adequate (>9), n (%) | 26 (72.2) | 7 (70) | 10 (76.9) | 9 (69.2) |
| Medication adherence (ARMS-De), mean (SD) | 25.4 (2.9) | 25.2 (2.6) | 25.5 (2.0) | 25.4 (4.0) | |
| General diet (SDSCAf), mean (SD) | 3.8 (1.9) | 4.4 (2.0) | 3.8 (1.4) | 3.4 (2.3) | |
| Specific diet (SDSCA), mean (SD) | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.7 (1.9) | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.4) | |
| Exercise (SDSCA), mean (SD) | 2.6 (2.5) | 4.4 (2.3) | 2.2 (2.4) | 1.7 (2.1) | |
| SMBGg (SDSCA), mean (SD) | 3.0 (2.8) | 3.4 (2.9) | 3.3 (2.6) | 2.4 (2.9) | |
| Glycemic control (HbA1ch, %), mean (SD) | 8.2 (2.2) | 9.3 (2.8) | 8.1 (1.9) | 7.5 (1.9) | |
aOne participant did not report race.
bNonwhite participants were majority (77.3% (17/22)) African American.
cA total of 3 participants did not report annual household income.
dBHLS: Brief Health Literacy Screen.
eARMS-D: Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale for Diabetes (possible range 7-28).
fSDSCA: Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (number of days with medication adherence in the past week).
gSMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose.
hHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.