Figure 3. Pattern of macrophage activation is different in primary and secondary infections.

Expression of markers mRNA of both classical (Arg2 and iNOS) and alternative (ArgI and Ym-1) activation of macrophages in the intestinal tissue of ICR mice infected, praziquantel (pzq)-treated and reinfected with Echinostoma caproni. The relative quantities (RQ) of cytokine genes are shown after normalization with β-actin and standardization of the relative amount against day 0 sample. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation. a: significant differences with respect to negative controls; b: significant differences between groups at each week of the study (p < 0.05).