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. 2016 Sep 20;7:12714. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12714

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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A sinusoidal current with frequency f_c/2 is applied to the coil of the write element, generating an oscillating pole magnetic field B and gradient ∇|B|. The oscillating field in turn induces an oscillating sample magnetization M=χB/μ₀. The sample with volume V experiences a magnetic force F=V∇(M·B) that drives the mechanical resonance f_c of an ultrasensitive cantilever force transducer. The amplitude of the resulting cantilever oscillation x is proportional to the force. T_c=1/f_c is one cantilever oscillation period.