Table 2. Name and known function of genes for which specific primer pairs have been designed for quantitative real-time PCR.
| Gene name | Gene symbol | Primers (5′–3′) | Sex det. | Sex diff. | Gam. | Male/Female |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 | eef1a1 | ATTGTGGGAGTCAACAAGATGGAa GCTGACTTCCTTGGTGATTTCCTb | / | / | / | both |
| β-Actin | βact | AATCCACGAGACCACCTTCAACTa TGATCTCTTTCTGCATTCTGTCGb | / | / | / | both |
| forkhead box N5 | foxn 5 | CCTCGTCCAGCGAATATCTTCTTa TGTTTTGAGCGAGATTCAGCTTCb | ?39,40,61 | both* | ||
| Zygotic arrest 1 | zar1 | TGAGGTTTCAGTTCTTGGAGCAGa TAAACCTTGTTGGTTCCCTGGACb | ✓30 | Female | ||
| Zona pellucida 3 | zp3 | GCAATGACCGAAGACTCCCTAGTa CGTTGTGTAGCCTCAGGTAATGGb | ✓31,60 | Female | ||
| doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 | dmrt1 | ATCTGCAGTCCAGTCACCTTGTCa GTTTTGGAGAGGGGGAGACTTTTb | ✓32 | ✓63,33 | ✓34 | Male |
| gonadal somatic cell derived factor | gsdf | AAAGCGGTCTTAGGAGACACTGCa CTGCAAGCCTGTACTGTTGGTCTb | ✓51 | ✓38 | ✓38 | Male |
| Pre-microRNA 202 | pre-miR202 | TACAGCCCCATTTTCCCATAa CAGGACTCGCTCTTCCTTTTb | ?42,53 | ? | Male | |
| anti-Mullerian hormone | amh | GATCTGACCCGTTTCGGACTTTa TTAGTGGGGTGTAAAACGTGCAGb | ✓62 | ✓49,50,63 | ✓50 | Male |
Sex det.: Sex determination, Sex diff.: Sex differentiation, Gam.: Gametogenesis (refers to the development of the ovary or the testis). Male/Female: indicate whether the gene has been found predominantly expressed in ovary or in testis by multi-tissue RNA-seq analysis. Numbers30,31,32,33,34,38,39,40,42,50,53,61,62,63 correspond to Article numbers in the bibliography. “?” Indicates that the role is still unknown. Both eef1a1 and β-actin were initially used as reference genes, but since eef1a1 was more stable it was used subsequently. *Foxn5 is rather reported to be involved in embryogenesis. See discussion for a more complete description of the role of each gene.