Table 3.

Generalized linear mixed modeling of outcomes: as treated analysis (differences between groups over time)

	Unadjusted overall effectsa						Adjusted overall effectsb
	Mean (SE) control	Mean (SE) intervention	Mean difference (95 % CI)	p	–2 log likelihood	AIC	Mean (SE) control	Mean (SE) intervention	Mean difference (95 % CI)	p	–2 log likelihood	AIC
Well-being (SPF-IL)	2.65 (.04)	2.46 (.04)	–.19 (–.29 to –.09)	<.001	640.287	646.287	2.48 (.60)	2.41 (.60)	–.07 (–.15 to .01)	.092	477.725	483.725
Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-3L)	.77 (.01)	.72 (.01)	–.05 (–.08 to –.01)	.010	−510.963	−504.963	.77 (.02)	.74 (.02)	–.02 (–.05 to .01)	.142	−510.963	−504.963
Quality of life (SF-20)
Physical functioning	45.69 (2.34)	33.16 (2.51)	–12.54 (–19.28 to 5.79)	<.001	5510.560	5516.560	44.00 (3.42)	37.18 (3.43)	–6.82 (–11.50 to 2.15)	.004	5510.560	5516.560
Role functioning	32.60 (2.91)	23.41 (3.13)	–9.20 (–17.59 to –.80)	.032	5850.705	5856.705	37.75 (5.36)	33.04 (5.37)	–4.72 (–12.01 to 2.58)	.204	5850.705	5856.705
Social functioning	64.00 (2.26)	59.71 (2.44)	–4.29 (–10.82 to 2.25)	.198	5618.888	5624.888	61.55 (4.28)	61.60 (4.31)	.44 (–5.68 to 5.76)	.988	5618.888	5624.888
Mental health	66.19 (1.47)	60.93 (1.58)	−5.26 (−9.51 to −1.01)	.015	5032.019	5038.019	65.89 (2.39)	64.28 (2.40)	–1.61 (–4.88 to 1.66)	.334	5032.019	5038.019
Current health perceptions	46.58 (.55)	46.86 (.59)	.27 (–1.31 to 1.86)	.733	4145.909	4151.909	45.81 (1.17)	46.49 (1.18)	.67 (–.90 to 2.25)	.401	4145.909	4151.909

SE standard error of the mean, CI confidence interval, AIC Akaike’s information criterion, SPF-IL social production function instrument for the level of well-being, EQ-5D-3L five-dimensional, three-level EuroQol, SF-20 short form 20

^aExcluding adjusting covariables, but including time

^bAdjusted for age, sex, education, income, living situation, morbidity, frailty, time and baseline scores of studied outcomes