Table 1.

Characteristics of the Study Sample by Depression Status and Race/Ethnicity (N =250)

Variable	Total	Moderate to Severe Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9≥10)	Minimal Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9<10)	P-value	African American	Latino	P-value
Sociodemographic Characteristics	N = 250
Age, M (SD)	53.2 ± 12.3	50.3 ± 12.1	53.8 ± 12.1	0.04	51.8 ± 13.0	54.7 ± 11.5	0.06
Female, %	68.4	70.5	67.6	0.63	65.8	71.4	0.32
Race/Ethnicity, %
African American	53.7	67.2	48.4	0.01	--	--	--
Hispanic/Latino	46.3	32.8	51.6		--	--	--
Education, %
< High School	60.0	58.0	61.1	0.64	37.9	85.2	<0.001
High School Graduate	18.8	22.6	17.3		29.5	7.0
> High School	21.2	19.4	21.6		32.6	7.8
Annual household income, %
Less than $20,000	74.0	85.4	70.7	0.04	70.9	78.9	0.21
More than $20,000	26.0	14.6	29.3		29.1	21.1
Employment Status, %
Currently Employed	38.4	38.7	38.4	0.98	31.8	t46.1	0.06
Unemployed	21.6	21.0	22.2		22.7	20.9
Other	40.0	40.3	39.4		45.5	33.1
Health Insurance, %
Yes	60.3	69.0	57.1	0.11	66.4	53.5	0.04
No	39.7	31.0	42.9		33.6	46.5
Marital Status, %
Married	38.4	27.4	42.2	0.01	22.7	56.5	<0.001
Never Married	24.0	37.1	19.5		38.6	7.0
Other	37.6	35.5	38.4		38.6	36.5
Biobehavioral Factors
BMI, M (SD)	33.1 ± 7.1	34.4 ± 9.2	32.8 ± 6.2	0.21	34.6 ± 7.7	31.6 ± 5.9	0.001
General Diet, M (SD)	3.7 ± 2.3	3.1 ± 2.2	3.8 ±2.3	0.03	3.6 ± 2.2	3.7 ±2.4	0.89
Specific Diet, M (SD)	4.0 ± 1.6	3.1 ± 1.3	4.2 ±1.7	< 0.001	3.7 ± 1.4	4.3 ± 1.8	0.008
Physical Activity, M (SD)	2.5 ± 2.1	2.3 ± 1.9	2.6 ±2.2	0.41	2.7 ± 1.9	2.3 ± 2.3	0.20
Blood Glucose Checking, M (SD)	3.6 ± 2.7	3.7 ± 2.4	3.6 ±2.8	0.77	4.1 ± 2.5	3.0 ± 2.8	0.001
Medication, M (SD)
Insulin	4.9 ± 0.7	4.2 ± 3.1	5.2 ±2.8	0.07	5.2 ±2.7	4.3 ± 3.2	0.12
Oral Medication/Pills	6.2 ± 2.0	5.5 ± 2.6	6.5 ±1.6	0.01	5.7 ±2.4	6.8 ± 1.1	<0.001
Foot Care, M (SD)	4.5 ± 2.5	4.3 ± 2.5	4.6 ±2.4	0.39	4.6 ± 2.4	4.5 ± 2.5	0.84
Smoking, %
Yes	21.3	32.3	18.1	0.02	27.6	14.7	0.013
No	78.7	67.7	81.9		72.4	85.3