Table 2.
Comparisons of NMS by subject group
| PD | At‐Risk (PD Relatives) | Controls | PD vs. Controls (OR [95% CI]; P Value)a | At‐Risk vs. Controls (OR [95% CI]; P Value)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuropsychiatric | |||||
| Cognition (MoCA), median (interquartile range) | 25 (23‐27) | 27 (25‐29) | 27 (25‐29) | ||
| ‐ Normal cognition, n (%) | 534 (70.6) | 90 (93.8) | 249 (87.7) | 2.66 (1.79‐3.96); <0.001b | 0.70 (0.28‐1.76); 0.45b |
| ‐ Possible mild cognitive impairment, n (%) | 115 (15.2) | 4 (4.2) | 25 (8.8) | ||
| ‐ Possible dementia, n (%) | 107 (14.2) | 2 (2.1) | 10 (3.5) | ||
| Depression (BDI‐II), median (interquartile range) | 8 (4‐12) | 4 (2‐8) | 4 (1‐7) | ||
| ‐ Minimal, n (%) | 586 (82.7) | 86 (90.5) | 261 (93.9) | 3.63 (2.12‐6.20); <0.001b | 1.46 (0.62‐3.43); 0.38b |
| ‐ Mild, n (%) | 76 (10.7) | 5 (5.3) | 8 (2.9) | ||
| ‐ Moderate, n (%) | 39 (5.5) | 3 (3.2) | 9 (3.2) | ||
| ‐ Severe, n (%) | 8 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | ||
| Anxiety (Leeds Anxiety and Depression Scale), median (interquartile range) | 3 (1‐5) | 2 (0‐4) | 2 (0‐3) | ||
| ‐ Positive screen for anxiety, n (%) | 130 (17.3) | 7 (7.2) | 17 (6.0) | 4.08 (2.38‐7.00); <0.001 | 1.02 (0.40‐2.56); 0.97 |
| ICBs, (QUIP‐S)c, n (%) | 163 (22.2) | 24 (25.8) | 62 (22.2) | 1.07 (0.76‐1.51); 0.76 | 0.95 (0.54‐1.66); 0.85 |
| Gastrointestinal | |||||
| Constipation (Honolulu Ageing Study), n (%) | 375 (49.2) | 28 (28.9) | 98 (34.2) | 1.86 (1.39‐2.50); <0.001 | 0.93 (0.56‐1.56); 0.80 |
| Autonomic | |||||
| Postural drop in systolic blood presure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 6.8 (16.0) | −2.2 (14.0) | 0.1 (12.5) | ||
| Orthostatic hypotension, n (%) | 169 (22.1) | 9 (9.2) | 19 (6.7) | 3.46 (2.10‐5.72); <0.001 | 1.91 (0.82‐4.45); 0.13 |
| Sensory | |||||
| Pain (EQ5D), n (%) | 425 (55.6) | 40 (41.2) | 100 (35.0) | 2.53 (1.90‐3.38); <0.001b | 1.45 (0.90‐2.34); 0.13b |
| Hyposmia (Sniffin), n (%) | 605 (82.4) | 14 (14.4) | 37 (13.2) | 29.3 (19.7‐43.5); <0.001 | 1.20 (0.61‐2.34); 0.60 |
| Sleep | |||||
| RBDd (RBDSQ), median (interquartile range) | 4 (2‐7) | 3 (1‐4) | 2 (1‐4) | ||
| ‐Positive screen for RBD, n (%) | 253 (33.5) | 17 (18.1) | 42 (15.2) | 2.67 (1.85‐3.86); <0.001 | 1.18 (0.63‐2.22); 0.60 |
| Daytime somnolence (ESS)e, median (interquartile range) | 7 (4‐10) | 5 (3‐7) | 5 (3‐8) | ||
| ‐Positive screen for daytime somnolence, n (%) | 173 (22.9) | 9 (9.5) | 29 (10.2) | 2.36 (1.54‐3.61); <0.001 | 1.01 (0.46‐2.24); 0.98 |
| Treatments | |||||
| Number of participants with moderate or severe depression on medication, n treated/n positive (%) | 13/47 (27.7) | 2/4 (50) | 4/9 (44.4) | ||
| Number of participants positive for RBD on medication, n treated/n positive (%) | 5/253 (1.9) | 0/17 (0) | 0/42 (0) | ||
| Number of participants with moderate or severe urinary symptoms on medication, n treated/n positive (%) | 6/23 (12.5) | n/a | n/a | ||
| Number of participants with poor or worse erectile function on medication, n treated/n positive (%) | 6/209 (2.9) | n/a | n/a | ||
| Number of participants with moderate or severe constipation symptoms on medication, n treated/n positive (%) | 59/90 (65.6) | n/a | n/a |
a
Adjusted for age and gender.
b
OR per unit change using ordinal logistic regression.
c
Questionnaire for Impulsive‐Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease.
d
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder.
e
Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
n/a, not applicable.