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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 23.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Nutr. 2016 Jul 17;36:543–570. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051039

Table 2.

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and butyrate act synergistically in the colon

Cell-line experiments
Cell line Treatment and duration End point Reference
YAMC 0–200 mM DHA for 72 hours plus 0–10 mM butyrate for the final 6–24 hours Mitochondrial Ca2+ and apoptosis (nucleosomal fragmentation assay) 111
HCT-116 50 mM DHA for 72 hours plus 5 mM butyrate for the final 12 hours Apoptosis (TUNEL assay) 110
Animal studies
Animal Diet component (% by weight) AOM (mg/kg body weight) End point
Rat 11.5% fish oil plus 6% pectin 15 mg/kg × 2 injections miRNA quantification
Rat 11.5% fish oil plus 6% pectin 15 mg/kg × 2 injections miRNA quantification
Mouse 11.5% fish oil plus 6% pectin 15 mg/kg × 4 injections miRNA quantification, apoptosis, ACF

Abbreviations: ACF, aberrant crypt foci; AOM, azoxymethane; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; miRNA, microRNA.