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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2016 Mar 23;8(6):872–890. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1402

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Four methods of radiolabeling nanoparticles. A) Traditional chelators are chemically conjugated to the surface to serve as sites for radiometal attachment. B) Chelator free radiolabeling method whereby radiometal is directly attached to the nanoparticle surface. C) Direct bombardment of a suitable nanoparticle atom by neutron or proton to yield a radiolabeled nanoparticle. No chelator nor surface chemistry required for radiolabeling. D) Direct synthesis methods whereby cold and hot precursors can be added to produce a nanoparticle with radioisotopes embedded into the nanoparticle lattice.