Table 2.
Examples of Current and Emerging Delivery Methods**
|
Current Treatments
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Type | Examples | Delivery Method | Frequency of Dosage | Typical Dose |
| Bisphosphonates | Alendronate | Oral tablet | Daily Weekly |
10 mg 70 mg |
| Ibandronate | Oral tablet Intravenous infusion |
Monthly Quarterly |
150 mg 3 mg |
|
| Risedronate | Oral tablet | Daily Weekly Monthly |
5 mg 35 mg 150 mg |
|
| Zoledronate | Intravenous infusion | Annual | 5 mg | |
|
| ||||
| Hormones | Estrogen | Oral tablet Transdermal film |
Daily Weekly |
0.5 mg 25–100 μg |
| Calcitonin | Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection | Daily Alternating daily |
50–200 IU 100–400 IU |
|
| Intranasal spray | Daily | 200 IU | ||
| PTH (teriparatide) | Subcutaneous thigh/abdominal injection | Daily | 20 μg | |
|
| ||||
| SERMs | Raxilofene | Oral tablet | Daily | 60 mg |
| Bazedoxifene | Oral tablet | Daily | 0.45–20 mg | |
|
| ||||
| AMARTs | Denosumab | Subcutaneous injection | Biannual | 60 mg |
|
| ||||
| Dietary Supplements | Calcium | Oral tablet | Daily | 1000–1300 mg |
| Vitamin D | Oral tablet | Daily | 200–800 IU | |
| Calcitriol | Oral tablet | Daily | 0.25 μg | |
|
| ||||
| Other | Strontium ranelate | Oral aqueous solution | Daily | 2 g |
|
Emerging Treatments
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Delivery Method | Examples | Status | |
| Alendronate | Depot | Intraosseous injection of PLGA nanoparticles | Preclinical (in vitro) | |
| Depot | Intramuscular injection of PLGA microparticles | Preclinical (rat) | ||
| Ceramic carrier | Adsorption onto intravenously injected hydroxyapatite nanoparticle | Preclinical (rabbit, rat) | ||
|
| ||||
| Zoledronate | Polymeric carrier | Oral via lysine-deoxycholic acid conjugation | Preclinical (rat) | |
|
| ||||
| PTH (teriparatide) | Actively triggered | Wireless release from implanted metallic microchip wells | Clinical (Phase I) | |
| Wireless release from implanted lipid membranes | Preclinical pig) | |||
|
| ||||
| Estrogens | Depot | Incorporation in implantable calcium deficient hydroxyapatite scaffolds | Preclinical (in vitro) | |
| Polymeric carrier | Intravenous injection of loaded PEG nanoparticles | Preclinical (rat) | ||
|
| ||||
| Simvastatin | Depot | Hydrolytic release from conjugated polymer | Preclinical (in vitro) | |
| Depot | Intraosseously injected PLGA microspheres | Preclinical (minipig) | ||
| Polymeric carrier | Injectable drug-PEG micelles | Preclinical (in vitro) | ||
| Targeted polymeric carrier | Injectable PLGA-tetracycline functionalized nanoparticles | Preclinical (mouse) | ||
|
| ||||
| miRNA (miR-26a) | Depot, polymeric carrier | PLGA microsphere release from PLLA scaffolds | Preclinical (mouse) | |
|
| ||||
| 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (GSK3β inhibitor) | Targeted polymeric carrier | Intravenous injectable aspartic acid-conjugated micelles | Preclinical (mouse) | |