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. 2015 Sep 7;55(7):2199–2207. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1030-y

Table 4.

Difference in test scorea between children with low or high LC-PUFAs compared to formula-fed children (no LC-PUFAs)

Girls Boys
Unadjusted Adjustedb Unadjusted Adjustedb
Total n-3 LC-PUFA
No breastfeeding 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref)
Breastfeeding n-3 LC-PUFA content less than medianc 2.37 (−0.35, 5.09) 0.92 (−1.91, 3.74) 2.88 (−0.05, 5.82) 0.54 (−2.39, 3.48)
Breastfeeding n-3 LC-PUFA content at/more than median 4.50 (1.98, 7.03)* 2.33 (−0.32, 4.97) 2.16 (−1.00, 5.33) −0.83 (−4.04, 2.38)
DHA
No breastfeeding 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref)
Breastfeeding DHA content less than medianc 2.43 (−0.18, 5.05) 0.41 (−2.32, 3.14) 2.62 (−0.47, 5.71) 0.28 (−2.82, 3.38)
Breastfeeding DHA content at or more than median 4.65 (2.03, 7.26)* 2.96 (0.24, 5.69)* 2.50 (−0.50, 5.49) −0.37 (−3.39, 2.65)
EPA
No breastfeeding 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref)
Breastfeeding EPA content less than medianc 2.62 (−0.05, 5.29) 1.02 (−1.75, 3.79) 3.30 (0.34, 6.26)* 1.02 (−1.89, 3.94)
Breastfeeding EPA content at or more than median 4.38 (1.81, 6.95)* 2.30 (−0.39, 4.99) 1.71 (−1.42, 4.83) −1.43 (−4.61, 1.75)
AA
No breastfeeding 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref)
Breastfeeding AA content less than medianc 2.74 (0.10, 5.39)* 0.82 (−1.93, 3.57) 2.63 (−0.37, 5.62) 0.12 (−2.90, 3.14)
Breastfeeding AA content at or more than median 4.30 (1.70, 6.90)* 2.48 (−0.19, 5.15) 2.48 (−0.61, 5.57) −0.25 (−3.35, 2.85)
DHA/AA ratio
No breastfeeding 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref)
Breastfeeding DHA/AA ratio less than medianc 2.39 (−0.28, 5.06) 0.67 (−2.11, 3.46) 2.14 (−0.96, 5.23) 0.09 (−3.00, 3.18)
Breastfeeding DHA/AA ratio at or more than median 4.53 (1.94, 7.13)* 2.46 (−0.25, 5.16) 2.95 (−0.05, 5.94) −0.20 (−3.26, 2.86)
EPA/AA ratio
No breastfeeding 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref) 0 (ref)
Breastfeeding EPA/AA ratio less than medianc 2.23 (−0.47, 4.92) 0.95 (−1.82, 3.71) 2.18 (−0.95, 5.31) 0.55 (−2.39, 3.49)
Breastfeeding EPA/AA ratio at or more than median 4.63 (2.06, 7.20)* 2.24 (−0.49, 4.98) 2.89 (−0.08, 5.85) −0.81 (−3.99, 2.37)

* Significant P < 0.05

aRange 501–550

bAdjusted for parental educational level, smoking during pregnancy and child care

cMedian was 0.49 wt% for n-3 LC-PUFA, 0.17 wt% for DHA, 0.04 wt% for EPA, 0.37 wt% for AA, 0.44 for DHA/AA ratio and 0.07 for EPA/DHA ratio