Table 1.
Sample characteristics (N = 54)
| FAS/PFAS | HE | Ctl | F or χ 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 26 | 15 | 13 | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age at delivery | 28.8 (7.5) | 25.2 (5.0) | 26.0 (3.3) | 2.04 |
| Education (years)a | 7.8 (2.2) | 9.5 (2.2) | 10.3 (1.4) | 7.46*** |
| Absolute alcohol consumed per day across pregnancy (oz)b | 1.3 (1.4) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 7.26** |
| Absolute alcohol consumed per occasion across pregnancy (oz)b | 4.1 (1.8) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 31.75*** |
| Drinking days per week across pregnancyb, c | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 17.75*** |
| Cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancyd | 8.2 (5.7) | 8.0 (7.2) | 4.2 (10.9) | 1.32 |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Sex (% male) | 50 | 53 | 54 | 0.03 |
| Age at cognitive assessments (years) | 9.3 (0.3) | 9.6 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.4) | 2.04 |
| Age at DTI scan (years) | 10.4 (0.5) | 10.5 (0.3) | 10.4 (0.4) | 0.63 |
| Maximum resultant displacement during scan (mm) | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.39 |
| Lead exposurec, e | 11.9 (5.5) | 9.7 (3.7) | 8.1 (3.3) | 3.24* |
| WISC‐IV full‐scale IQ | 64.3 (9.7) | 73.1 (8.0) | 74.9 (9.0) | 7.70*** |
Values are mean (SD); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
FAS/PFAS = combined fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and partial FAS (PFAS) group; HE = nonsyndromal heavily exposed group; Ctl = control group; WISC‐IV = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th Edition.
a
Missing values estimated at group median for 2 children with FAS/PFAS.
b
Missing values estimated at group median for 2 children with FAS/PFAS, 1 HE.
c
One outlier in the FAS/PFAS group was winsorized (value >3 SD above the mean recoded to 1 point higher than highest observed nonoutlier) [Winer et al., 1971].
d
One outlier in the Ctl group was winsorized [Winer et al., 1971].
e
Missing values estimated at group median for 2 children with FAS/PFAS, 1 HE.