TABLE 1.

Theory-Based Components of iDOVE Intervention

Theory /Model	Technique/ Strategy	Intervention Component	Delivery Method	Example
CBT, MI	Elicit recognition of problem(s)	Depressive symptoms and peer violence feedback	In-ED + Text	(See Figure 1)
		Beck's cognitive triangle for negative thoughts & violence identification		REMEMBER: 1+2=3 --> Your feelings are a result of what you THINK and what you DO. You may be able to think or act your way to a better day tmrw :) (See also Figure 1)
CBT, MI	Goal-setting and Motivation	Elicit personal change goals for mood and violence	In-ED + Text	(See Figure 1)
		Commitment to and comprehension of the text- message portion of the program		Many teens said their favorite part of iDOVE was remembering to "think positive." Reward yourself for all your hard work so far. Remember that if you need extra support, you can text iDOVE at any time: ANGRY SAD, or STRESSED (See also Figure 1)
		Separate personal goals from peer standards		You're doing awesome. Don’t let friends or anyone else pull you down a bad path. Be in control.
		Convey respect and empathy for goals		Today is a good day to think ahead to the future. Plan a small step to get yourself there -> and tell a friend! (See also Figure 1)
		Define personal "rewards" for meeting goals		Remember to reward yourself for your hard work so far: Think of something fun (going to a movie, getting coffee with friends…) and plan to do it!
		Increase self-efficacy for achieving these goals		The obstacles you overcame in the past made you a stronger person. You can deal with whatever life sends your way in the future.
CBT	Cognitive restructuring	Identify triggers, negative thoughts, and results	In-ED + Text	Try to name how you're feeling right now. (Sad, angry, stressed, pissed off, worried…) Now think of an action to change that. (See also Figure 1)
		Identify alternatives to negative thoughts		Just because you feel bad about yourself doesn’t mean it’s true. (Example: failing a test doesn't mean someone's stupid. Maybe they just need help studying.) (See also Figure 1)
		Encourage non-violent assertiveness		Hold on, think first! Don't do anything you would regret just because you're feeling upset
		Put negative events in perspective		Will this matter in one week? One year? Ten years? Keep it in perspective.
CBT	Distress tolerance	Identify alternative ways of dealing with common stressors and potential fights ("coping plans")	In-ED + Text	When you're stressed in the future, sometimes walking away or going outside for a little bit can help. (See also Figure 1)
		Provide strategies to calm down and deal with stress		You don't need to keep feelings "bottled up." Let them out in a way that won't hurt you or others: go for a run, sing loudly, draw, write… (What else?)
CBT	Behavioral activation	Develop a list of fun, non- violent activities (social, physical, and indulgent)	In-ED + Text	Remember your list from the ER of things you can do to feel good. Do one of those today! (See also Figure 1)
		Elicit pro-social behavioral skills		Think of which friends/family bring out the best in you. Surround yourself with people who give you good advice.
		Reminders of community mental health/violence- prevention resources		If you ever have a REALLY bad day, some places you could call are: [local mental health organizations and crisis numbers] (See also Figure 1)