Table 2.

Correlates of muscle quality index in univariable and multivariable linear regression

	Univariable		Multivariable‡
Characteristic	beta	P-Value	beta	P-Value
Age*	−1.87	<0.001	−1.05	<0.001
Sex
Male	0.00 – Ref		0.00 – Ref
Female	−54.47	<0.001	−47.78	<0.001
Race
White	0.00 – Ref		0.00 – Ref
Black	−3.10	0.159	5.49	0.014
Other	−34.4	<0.001	−33.65	<0.001
Smoking Status
Never	0.00 – Ref		0.00 – Ref
Former	20.23	<0.001	0.23	0.922
Current	−2.10	0.492	−14.40	<0.001
Cognitive Function*	1.48	<0.001	−0.24	0.417
Comorbid Health Conditions
Hypertension	0.17	0.943	5.86	0.005
Diabetes	−1.99	0.553	−3.90	0.365
Hyperlipidemia	−1.22	0.626	−2.11	0.319
COPD	−11.00	0.001	−7.60	0.010
Cancer	−3.92	0.321	−0.30	0.923
Arthritis	−10.54	<0.001	2.47	0.243
Myocardial Infarction	0.11	0.975	−7.71	0.023
Stroke	−13.70	0.004	−0.07	0.988
Heart Failure	−1.52	0.745	4.43	0.373
Kidney Disease	−8.01	0.005	2.46	0.379
Self-Rated Health
Excellent	0.00 – Ref		0.00 – Ref
Very Good	−10.41	0.015	−3.80	0.424
Good	−16.15	<0.001	−7.45	0.045
Fair	−18.11	<0.001	−9.25	0.021
Poor	−34.61	<0.001	−16.42	0.002
Hospitalization	−4.47	0.146	−1.88	0.491
Falls	−11.73	<0.001	0.23	0.919
Hemoglobin†	1.20	<0.001	0.33	<0.001
Albumin†	1.99	<0.001	−0.45	0.177
C-Reactive Protein†	−0.30	0.001	−0.11	0.213
Glycated Hemoglobin†	−0.39	0.675	1.21	0.385
Insulin†	0.01	<0.001	0.01	<0.001
Glucose†	0.06	0.183	−0.07	0.244
Creatinine†	2.36	<0.001	−0.06	0.804
Poor Balance	−18.13	<0.001	−2.13	0.312
Gait Speed†	10.42	<0.001	70.85	<0.001

NOTE. SE: Standard error. Ref: Reference group. sp-MMSE: short-portable version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Leg length and body mass were excluded from the regression models due to collinearity.

^*Beta value represents a 1.0 unit increase in the independent variable.

^†Beta value represents a 0.1 unit increase in the independent variable.

^‡Multivariable model regression intercept: 189.73; R²=0.388.