Table 1.

Clinical and Experimental Biomaterials for Vocal Fold Tissue Engineering

Biomaterial	Crosslinking method	Cell type	Animal model		Inflammatory response
HA and HA-derivatives
Hylan-B (Hylaform)	Divinyl-sulfone		Rabbit, human		Minimal inflammation
HA-DTPH	Disulfide	L-929 murine fibroblast	Rat		Mild inflammation
HA-DTPH+PEGDA	Michael-type addition	T31 human tracheal scar fibroblast	Nude mice, injured rabbit		Minimal inflammation
Carbylan-SX (CMHA-S)	Michael-type addition		Injured rabbit		Mild fibrosis
Carbylan-GSX (Extracel)	Michael-type addition	Immortalized hFF autologous VFF, mouse bone marrow MSC	Scarred rabbit, scarred rat		Mild inflammation
Native materials and biocomposites
Atelogollagen	Physical interaction	Autologous MSCs		Injured canine	Minimal inflammation
Collagen type-I	Physical interaction	Primary VFF and VFE		Ex vivo canine larynges, in vivo humanized mice	Low immunogenicity
Collagen-alginate	Physical interaction	VFF
Fibrin	Physical interaction	ASC
Fibrin-collagen	Physical interaction	ASC
Fibrin-HA	Physical interaction	ASC
HA-alginate	Physical interaction	hAdMSC		Injured rabbit
HA-dextran	Hydrazide-aldehyde coupling			Ferret	Mild inflammation
Microgels
HA-based microgels	Hydrazide-aldehyde coupling	Fibroblasts
HA-gelatin-PEGDA	Michael-type addition	Human VFF		Sprague-Dawley rats	Mild inflammation
Synthetic polymer materials
PEG30	Photo-initiated radical polymerization	Porcine VFF		Canine	No acute inflammation
Pluronic F127 with PCL spheres	Phase separation			Rabbit	Minimal inflammation
Pluronic F127 with PLGA	Phase separation			Rabbit	Minimal inflammation
PEU	Phase separation	Cytocompatible
Elastomeric Biopolymers
EMHP	HMDI	PVFF, NHDF
ELP4-coated Tecoflex	Electrospun fibers	HVFF
RLP	THP	hMSC		Mice	Mild inflammation