Box 1. Recommendations for CHO and Fluid Intake During Exercise in Type 1 Diabetic Athletes^a.

Duration of Event
30-60 minutes
Primary goal is fluid replacement
Begin exercise well-hydrated
Drink at a rate that is comfortable and practical to replace fluid lost by sweating
CHO intake is beneficial for the performance of high-intensity exercise of about 1 hour duration (37)
1 - 3 hours
Primary goal is fluid replacement + CHO intake
30 grams CHO per hour of exercise
Drink at a rate that is comfortable and practical to replace fluid lost by sweating
≥ 3 hours
Primary goal is fluid replacement + CHO + sodium intake
30 - 60 grams CHO per hour of exercise; when greater than 70 g CHO per hour are required, use a mixture of CHO sources (i.e. 2:1 ratio of glucose and fructose)
Drink at a rate that is comfortable and practical to replace fluid lost by sweating

Abbreviation: CHO, carbohydrate.

^aAdapted with permission from references (14) and (35).