Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Studied Groups.
| Variables | Intervention Group | Control Group | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 42 | 42 | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 32.0 (5.5) | 32.4 (4.7) | 0.70 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, mean (SD), kg/m 2 | 27.6 (3.9) | 27.6 (3.8) | 0.94 |
| Weight gain during pregnancy, mean (SD), kg | 8.9 (4.6) | 6.7 (4.8) | 0.04 |
| Planning for pregnancy, n (%) | 26 (61) | 22 (52) | 0.37 |
| Literacy, n (%) | |||
| Less than high school | 19 (45) | 16 (38) | 0.57 |
| High school | 8 (19) | 12 (28) | |
| University | 15 (36) | 14 (34) | |
| Gravidity, n (%) | |||
| 1 | 12 (28) | 10 (24) | 0.09 |
| ≥ 2 | 30 (72) | 32 (76) | |
| History, n (%) | |||
| GDM in patient | 6 (14) | 1 (2) | 0.10a |
| Type 2 diabetes in first degree relatives | 18 (42) | 14 (33) | 0.36 |
| Multivitamin use | 36 (85) | 36 (85) | 1.00 |
| GA at GDM diagnosis, mean (SD), week | 20.8 (7.6) | 21.3 (7.2) | 0.78 |
| Biochemistry, mean (SD) | |||
| 25 OHD, ng/mL | 14.6 (6.3) | 17.7 (6.1) | 0.04 |
| Serum Calcium, mg/dL | 8.9 (0.6) | 9.0 (0.5) | 0.95 |
| FPG, mg/dl | 97 (18) | 97 (14) | 0.87 |
| 1h OGTT | 196 (26) | 203 (29) | 0.29 |
| 2h OGTT | 170 (35) | 168 (31) | 0.86 |
| 3h OGTT | 109 (36) | 120 (36) | 0.17 |
| HbA1C, % | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.5) | 0.13 |
| HbA1C, mmol/mol | 37 (7) | 34 (6) | 0.13 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DM, diabetes mellitus; GA, gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
aFisher’s exact test P value.