Table 2.
List of emerging phytopathogens and strategies to manage the affects of emerging pathogen.
| Emerging Pathogens | Host Plant | Strategies to manage the affect of emerging pathogens | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||||
|
Burkholderia glumae Dickeya solani |
Rice Potato |
(1) A deeper insights and understanding in cross-kingdom horizontal gene transfer (HGT). (2) Knowledge of shared genes and proteins among the genomes of pathogens. (3) A newer insights into phage-mediated regulation of bacterial pathogenesis. |
Toth et al., 2011; Sharma et al., 2013; Varani et al., 2013; Thynne et al., 2015 | |||
| Fungus | ||||||
| Ramularia collo-cygni | Barley | (1) Development of new approaches to explore genomic data and to characterize patterns of natural selection like, genome evolution, recombination pattern, and population dynamics. (2) More emphasis should be in the study of nucleotide diversity and analysis of repeat-rich regions. (3) Population genomic analysis, particularly identification of strongly selected genes, evolutionary potentials. (4) A deeper insights and understanding in cross-kingdom HGT. |
Leonard and Bushnell, 2003; Solomon et al., 2006; Walters et al., 2008; Bahri et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2010; Husson et al., 2011; de Jonge et al., 2012; Kjær et al., 2012; Raffaele and Kamoun, 2012; Stukenbrock and Bataillon, 2012; Stukenbrock et al., 2012; Maciel et al., 2014; Misra and Chaturvedi, 2015 | |||
| Melampsora columbiana | Poplar rust | |||||
| Verticillium longisporum | Wilt in many plants | |||||
| Verticillium dahlias | Wilt in many plants | |||||
| Botrytis allii | Onion | |||||
| Puccinia striifornis | Wheat | |||||
| Stagonospora nodorum | Wheat | |||||
| Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus | Ash tree | |||||
| Fusarium graminearum | Cereal crops | |||||
| Chalara fraxinea | Ash tree | |||||
| Zymoseptoria pseudotritici | Grass species | |||||
| Magnaporthe oryzae | Wheat | |||||
| Neurospora crassa | Bread | |||||
| Mycosphaerella graminicola | Wheat | |||||
| Oomycetes | ||||||
| Phytophthora ramorum | Oak | (1) A deeper insights and understanding in cross-kingdom HGT. (2) Analysis of evolutionary dynamics. (3) Continuing genome sequencing and pathogenomics research. (4) Effectoromics and plant host responses. (5) Genome-wide cataloguing of oomycete effectors. |
Rizzo et al., 2005; Baxter et al., 2010; Raffaele et al., 2010; Goss et al., 2011; Links et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2011; Grünwald et al., 2012; Misra and Chaturvedi, 2015 |
|||
| Phytophthora alni | Alders | |||||
| Phytophthora andina | Potato | |||||
| Virus | (1) A system biology approach to study their interaction with plants with the help of collection and analysis of high-throughput molecular data and omics-scale data. | Hanssen and Thomma, 2010; Kikuchi et al., 2011; Hwang et al., 2012; Misra and Chaturvedi, 2015 | ||||