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. 2016 Sep 21;7:12781. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12781

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) The time line of male-killing phenotypes during embryogenesis. Mitotic cycles are shown below the line. First 13 cleavage cycles are rapid and synchronous, consisting of only S and M phases. After cellularization at stage 5, cells obtain G2 phase and undergo three rounds of mitosis with specific pattern and timing (cycle 14–16), followed by G1 arrest. (b) The cytological model of Spiroplasma-induced male-killing. See the text for details.