Table 2.
General practice utilization determinants among men and women in the DCH cohort (n = 54,849).
| Number of GP visitsa |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | Model 4e | Model 5f | |
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | – | – | – | – | – |
| Male (n = 26,206) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female (n = 28,643) | 1.47 (1.45–1.50) | 1.56 (1.53–1.59) | 1.44 (1.41–1.47) | 1.44 (1.41–1.46) | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) |
| Age | – | – | – | – | – |
| 50–54 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 55–59 | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) |
| 60–65 | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | 1.19 (1.16–1.22) | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
| BMI | – | – | – | – | – |
| Underweight (>18.5 kg/m2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 0.79 (0.72–0.88) | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.97 (0.87–1.07) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | 1.20 (1.09–1.33) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) |
| Alcohol consumption | – | – | – | – | – |
| Below the recommended weekly limit | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Above the recommended weekly limit | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) |
| Smoking status | – | – | – | – | – |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Previous | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | 1.10 (1.07–1.12) |
| Current | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) | 1.15 (1.13–1.18) | 1.09 (1.07–1.12) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | 1.09 (1.07–1.12) |
| Physical activity | – | – | – | – | – |
| No leisure time physical activity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Physical active in leisure time | 0.87 (0.85–0.88) | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.93 (0.92–0.95) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) |
| Marital status | – | – | – | – | – |
| Unmarried | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Divorced | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | |
| Widow/widower | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | |
| Married | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | |
| Occupational status | – | – | – | – | – |
| Unemployed | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Employed | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.75 (0.73–0.77) | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.81 (0.79–0.82) | |
| Educational status | – | – | – | – | – |
| No vocational training | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Higher education, <3 years | 0.82 (0.80–0.85) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.91 (0.88–0.93) | 0.91 (0.88–0.93) | |
| Higher education, 3–4 years | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.89 (0.87–0.91) | 0.89 (0.87–0.91) | |
| Higher education, >4 years | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) | 0.81 (0.78–0.83) | 0.80 (0.78–0.83) | |
| Municipal | – | – | – | – | – |
| Suburban | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |
| Medical conditions | – | – | – | – | – |
| Heart attack | 1.77 (1.66–1.88) | – | – | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) |
| High cholesterol | 1.48 (1.43–1.53) | – | – | 1.20 (1.16–1.24) | 1.20 (1.17–1.24) |
| Angina pectoris | 1.74 (1.66–1.83) | – | – | 1.28 (1.21–1.34) | 1.28 (1.21–1.34) |
| Stroke | 1.68 (1.56–1.82) | – | – | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | 1.25 (1.16–1.34) |
| Hypertension | 1.81 (1.77–1.85) | – | – | 1.63 (1.60–1.67) | 1.63 (1.59–1.67) |
| Diabetes | 1.99 (1.87–2.11) | – | – | 1.54 (1.46–1.63) | 1.56 (1.47–1.65) |
| Gallstones | 1.31 (1.26–1.37) | – | – | 1.18 (1.14–1.23) | 1.16 (1.12–1.21) |
| Intestinal polyps | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | – | – | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) |
| Mental illness | 1.71 (1.64–1.77) | – | – | 1.61 (1.55–1.67) | 1.63 (1.61–1.66) |
| History of cancer in the family | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | – | – | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
| Hormone therapy use | – | – | – | – | – |
| Never | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Previous or current user | 1.30 (1.27–1.33) | 1.27 (1.24–1.30) | |||
| Number of pregnancies | – | – | – | – | – |
| 0 | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| 1 or more | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | – | – | – | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) |
a
Consultations and home-visits.
b
Adjusted for gender and age.
c
Adjusted for gender, age and lifestyle factors (BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity).
d
Adjusted for model 2 and socio-demographic factors (marital, occupational, educational status, and urbanization).
e
Adjusted for model 3 and medical factors (heart attack, high cholesterol, angina pectoris, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, intestinal polyps, gallstones, and history of cancer in the family).
f
Adjusted for model 4 and female reproductive factors (use of HT, and number of pregnancies).