Table 3.
Management of Cryptosporidium infections
| Ref. | Treatment regimen (length) | Changes in immunosuppression | Resolution of symptoms | Graft loss | Death |
| Abdo et al[15] | Rifampin (3 wk) | Temporary lower level of TAC | Resolved | No | No |
| Acikgoz et al[23] | Spiramycin + NTZ + PAR (4 wk) | Switch from MMF to AZA | Resolved | No | No |
| Arslan et al[10] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Bandin et al[8] | NTZ (4 wk) (2) NTZ (2 wk) (5)1 | MMF switched to AZA (3)1 MMF reduced (3)1 TAC switched to sirolimus (1)1 | Resolved | No | No |
| Bhadauria et al[3] | NTZ (13) (16-60 d) NTZ + fluoroquinolone (21) (16-60 d) | MMF → AZA (3) TAC → CsA (8) Reduction of immunosuppression (11) | Resolved microbiologically (83%) | Yes (3) | |
| Bonatti et al[5] | AZM (14-21 d) (2)1 AZM + NTZ (6-18 d) (2)1 NTZ (14-16 d) (2)1 AZM (5 d) + NTZ + TMP/SMX (14 d) (1)1 AZM + PAR(14d) (1)1 | MMF stopped (4)1 MMF reduced (1)1 | Resolved | No | No |
| Campos et al[18] | Spiramycin → PAR (6 mo) PAR(2) | N/A | Resolved | No | No |
| Chieffi et al[30] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Clifford et al[21] | N/A | N/A | Resolved | No | No |
| Delis et al[16] | AZM (7 d) + PAR (21 d) (2)1 PAR (14 d) (1)1 PAR (21 d) (1)1 | Stopped (1/4)1 TAC reduced (1/4)1 | Resolved | No | No |
| Franco et al[100] | Spiramicin 10 d | MMF → Aza Stopped Aza | Resolved | No | No |
| Frei et al[6] | PAR (4 wk) | No | Resolved | No | No |
| Gerber et al[17] | AZM (3 wk) (1)1 PAR (2-3 wk) (2)1 | No | Resolved | No | No |
| Hong et al[9] | NTZ (4 wk) PAR + AZM (5 wk), oral human immunoglobulin (5 d) | TAC reduced MMF stopped and AZT started | Resolved | No | No |
| Krause et al[4] | NTZ (5-24 d) | No | Resolved | No | No |
| Ok et al[19] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Pozio et al[14] | AZM (1 wk) + PAR (3 wk) AZM + PAR (1 yr 7 mo) | N/A | Resolved | No | No |
| Rodríguez Ferrero et al[7] | AZM + PAR (14 d) NTZ (6 d) | MMF and TAC reduced | Resolved | No | No |
| Tran et al[12] | PAR (4 wk) | Sirolimus discontinued | Resolved | No | No |
| Udgiri et al[13] | Spiramycin (10 d) (2)1 | No | Resolved | No | No |
| Vajro et al[24] | None | No | Resolved | No | No |
| Ziring et al[11] | PAR + AZM | N/A | Resolved | No | No |
1
The number of patients; TAC: Tactolimus; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; AZT: Azathioprine; S: Steroids; AZM: Azithromycin; NTZ: Nitazoxanide; PAR: Paromomycin; N/A: Not available; TMP/SMX: Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.