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. 2015 Jul 23;65(10):1619–1631. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309276

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In vivo subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models confirmed the suppressive effect of MDGA2 on tumorigenicity. (A) Subcutaneous tumour growth curve of MDGA2-expressing BGC823 cells in nude mice was compared with control vector (pcDNA3.1) transfected cells. The data are mean±SD (n=5/group) of three separate experiments. (B) A representative image of tumour growth in nude mice subcutaneously inoculated with MDGA2- or control vector-transfected cells. Tumour weight was compared at the end of the experiment. MDGA2 expression in subcutaneous xenografts was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). (C) Cell proliferative activity was evaluated by Ki-67 staining and apoptotic activity by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in subcutaneous xenografts. (D) Representative images of orthotopic xenograft tumours. Both volume and weight of the orthotopic xenograft tumours were significantly smaller in the MDGA2 group than in the control group. (E) Confirmation of MDGA2 expression in orthotopic xenograft tumours by IHC. (F) Ki-67 staining in orthotopic xenografts and TUNEL staining in orthotopic xenografts. *p<0.05, **p<0.001, ***p<0.0001.