Table 2.
Labor Demand (log of person days per season) and Household Composition
| A. Pooled Cross-Sections | B. Including Farm-Household Fixed Effects | C. Labor Demand by Farm Task | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Household demographic composition |
N. Household Members (1) |
Household Size and Shares (2) |
N. Household Members (3) |
Variation from Aging Only (4) |
Prior Composition (5) |
Next Period Composition (6) |
1, 2, and 3 Period Lagged Composition as IVs (7) |
Land Prep Livestock Dry/Sell/ Mill (8) |
Weeding Planting Fertilizing (9) |
Harvesting (10) |
|
|
||||||||||
| Number of males in farm HH | ||||||||||
| 0 to 14 years | 0.02 (0.01) | - | −0.001 (0.016) | - | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| 15 to 19 | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.03) |
| 20 to 34 | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.59 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.03) |
| 35 to 49 | 0.23 (0.02) | 0.65 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.04) |
| 50 to 64 | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.76 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.03) | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.05) |
| 65 and older | 0.21 (0.03) | 0.45 (0.10) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.05) |
| Number of females in farm HH | ||||||||||
| 0 to 14 years | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.15 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.02) | - | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.003 (0.017) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| 15 to 19 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.002 (0.018) | −0.001 (0.018) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| 20 to 34 | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) |
| 35 to 49 | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.04) |
| 50 to 64 | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.05) |
| 65 and older | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.09) | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.05) |
| Log Household Size | 0.34 (0.03) | |||||||||
| Tests for joint significance of demographic composition | ||||||||||
| All Groups | 37.27 | 33.65 | 13.13 | 2.53 | 5.01 | 4.21 | 2.99 | 6.19 | 5.40 | 4.89 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.005 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Males | 49.88 | 21.67 | 18.27 | 1.90 | 6.08 | 5.79 | 3.63 | 9.71 | 6.80 | 6.63 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Females | 10.58 | 10.99 | 7.70 | 2.78 | 3.45 | 1.95 | 1.86 | 1.31 | 3.84 | 1.82 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
| Prime age adults | 45.13 | 14.55 | 22.52 | 2.19 | 8.88 | 4.86 | 5.51 | 10.02 | 9.71 | 7.85 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| C-test - 1 and 2 Period Lags (χ2) | 15.19 | |||||||||
| p-value | 0.92 | |||||||||
| Observations | 38,189 | 38,189 | 38,189 | 11,594 | 33,737 | 33,737 | 25,739 | 27,387 | 33,166 | 24,353 |
| N. HHs | 4,452 | 4,452 | 4,452 | 1,584 | 4,096 | 4,096 | 3,783 | 4,176 | 4,166 | 4,022 |
Notes. Standard errors in parentheses below coefficient estimates. All estimates of variance-covariances take into account clustering at the household level and allow arbitrary heteroskedasticity. Joint tests for the significance of demographic groups are F-statistics. The C-test is an overidentification test examining the exogeneity of 1 and 2 period lags conditional on the validity of the 3 period lags. All models control quintiles of farm and household (real) assets, age and education of the household head and spouse, month of interview indicators, and community-time fixed effects. Column 2 enters demographics as log(household size) and the share of 11 of the 12 demographic groups. Columns 3 through 10 include farm household fixed effects. As column 4 limits the sample to household with the same males and females across waves, changes in demographic composition do not change household size and are therefore interpreted relative to the omitted demographic group (age less than 15).