Appendix Table A1.
Labor Demand (log of person days per season) and Household Composition
|
Household demographic composition |
A. Pooled Cross-Sections | B. Including Farm-Household Fixed Effects | C. Labor Demand by Farm Task | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. Household Members (1) |
Household Size and Shares (2) |
N. Household Members (3) |
Variation from Aging Only (4) |
Prior Composition (5) |
Next Period Composition (6) |
1, 2, and 3 Period Lagged Composition as IVs (7) |
Land Prep Livestock Dry/Sell/ Mill (8) |
Weeding Planting Fertilizing (9) |
Harvesting (10) |
|
|
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| Number of males in farm HH | ||||||||||
| 0 to 14 years | 0.02 (0.01) | - | −0.001 (0.016) | - | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| 15 to 19 | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.03) |
| 20 to 34 | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.59 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.03) |
| 35 to 49 | 0.23 (0.02) | 0.65 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.04) |
| 50 to 64 | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.76 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.03) | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.05) |
| 65 and older | 0.21 (0.03) | 0.45 (0.10) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.05) |
| Number of females in farm HH | ||||||||||
| 0 to 14 years | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.15 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.02) | - | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.003 (0.017) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| 15 to 19 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.002 (0.018) | −0.001 (0.018) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| 20 to 34 | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) |
| 35 to 49 | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.04) |
| 50 to 64 | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.05) |
| 65 and older | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.09) | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.05) |
| Log Household Size | 0.34 (0.03) | |||||||||
| Quintiles of Farm Assets (quintile 1 omitted) | ||||||||||
| Quintile 2 | 0.23 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.20 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.62 (0.02) | 0.62 (0.02) | 0.24 (0.01) | 0.22 (0.03) | 0.26 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.02) | 0.24 (0.02) | 0.41 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.03) |
| Quintile 5 | 0.83 (0.02) | 0.84 (0.02) | 0.34 (0.02) | 0.28 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.02) | 0.31 (0.02) | 0.32 (0.02) | 0.52 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.03) |
| Quintiles of Household Assets (quintile 1 omitted) | ||||||||||
| Quintile 2 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.02) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.03) |
| Quintile 5 | −0.00 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.03) |
| Age, Education, Presence of HH Head and Spouse | ||||||||||
| Primary Male’s Age | −0.003 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.0005 (0.001) | −0.0004 (0.004) | −0.0001 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.002) | −0.004 (0.002) |
| Primary Male’s Education | −0.016 (0.003) | −0.015 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.006 (0.005) | −0.002 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.005) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.002 (0.004) |
| Primary Male Present | 0.30 (0.03) | 0.29 (0.04) | 0.25 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.19) | 0.40 (0.05) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.08) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.07) |
| Primary Female’s Age | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.007 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.0001 (0.002) |
| Primary Female’s Education | −0.010 (0.003) | −0.011 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.006) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.004 (0.003) | −0.004 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.004) | −0.003 (0.004) |
| Primary Female Present | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.04) | −0.21 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.06) |
| Interview Month Indicators (January omitted) | ||||||||||
| February | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.11) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.004 (0.11) | 0.18 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.13) |
| March | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.54 (0.14) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.13) | 0.36 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.16) |
| April | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.48 (0.16) | 0.29 (0.12) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.26 (0.11) | −0.02 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.11) | 0.25 (0.18) |
| May | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.55 (0.19) | 0.30 (0.14) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.25 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.16) | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.19) |
| June | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.49 (0.20) | 0.27 (0.14) | 0.07 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.13) | 0.16 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.19) |
| July | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.45 (0.21) | 0.29 (0.15) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.20 (0.18) | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.24 (0.19) |
| August | 0.21 (0.13) | 0.22 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.60 (0.22) | 0.27 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.14) | 0.004 (0.15) | 0.23 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.19) |
| September | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.78 (0.24) | 0.24 (0.16) | 0.18 (0.16) | −0.04 (0.17) | 0.21 (0.19) | −0.03 (0.16) | 0.24 (0.20) |
| October | 0.02 (0.16) | 0.04 (0.16) | 0.09 (0.15) | 0.80 (0.26) | 0.18 (0.18) | 0.15 (0.17) | −0.16 (0.18) | 0.16 (0.18) | −0.31 (0.17) | 0.38 (0.21) |
| November | −0.09 (0.23) | −0.07 (0.23) | −0.13 (0.20) | 0.72 (0.45) | −0.06 (0.23) | −0.10 (0.21) | −0.14 (0.26) | 0.18 (0.23) | −0.38 (0.27) | 0.04 (0.28) |
| December | −0.14 (0.07) | −0.15 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.06) | −0.13 (0.13) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.10) | −0.22 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.14) |
| Tests for joint significance of demographic composition | ||||||||||
| All Groups | 37.27 | 33.65 | 13.13 | 2.53 | 5.01 | 4.21 | 2.99 | 6.19 | 5.40 | 4.89 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.005 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Males | 49.88 | 21.67 | 18.27 | 1.90 | 6.08 | 5.79 | 3.63 | 9.71 | 6.80 | 6.63 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Females | 10.58 | 10.99 | 7.70 | 2.78 | 3.45 | 1.95 | 1.86 | 1.31 | 3.84 | 1.82 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
| Prime age adults 15 to 49 | 45.13 | 14.55 | 22.52 | 2.19 | 8.88 | 4.86 | 5.51 | 10.02 | 9.71 | 7.85 |
| p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| C-test - 1 and 2 Period Lags (χ2) | 15.19 | |||||||||
| p-value | 0.92 | |||||||||
| Observations | 38,189 | 38,189 | 38,189 | 11,594 | 33,737 | 33,737 | 25,739 | 27,387 | 33,166 | 24,353 |
| N. Households | 4,452 | 4,452 | 4,452 | 1,584 | 4,096 | 4,096 | 3,783 | 4,176 | 4,166 | 4,022 |
Notes. Standard errors in parentheses below coefficient estimates. All estimates of variance-covariances take into account clustering at the household level and allow arbitrary heteroskedasticity. Joint tests for the significance of demographic groups are F-statistics. The C-test is an overidentification test examining the exogeneity of 1 and 2 period lags conditional on the validity of the 3 period lags. Column 2 enters demographics as log(household size) and the share of 11 of the 12 demographic groups. All columns include community-time fixed effects and columns 3 through 10 include farm household fixed effects.