Table 1.
Comparisons on age, sex, IQ, digit span, cognitive, event-related potential (ERP), electroencephalogram (EEG) and actigraph measures between ADHD groups based on self-report.
| ADHD persisters (n = 48) | ADHD remitters (n = 60) | Controls (n = 167) | F | df | p | Cohen's dʹ | Cohen's dʹ (IQ controlled) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD) | 18.54 (2.89) | 18.34 (3.19) | 17.77 (2.20) | 1.94 | 2, 191 | 0.15 | ||
| Male n (%) |
39 (81%) |
54 (90%) |
127 (76%) |
4.07 |
2, 191 |
0.02 |
||
| Cognitive measures | ||||||||
| IQ | 98.25 (17.06) | 97.20 (13.86) | 110.23 (12.15) | 21.76 | 2, 191 | <0.01 |
a = −0.58∗∗ b = 0.07 c = −0.80∗∗ |
|
| Digit span forward | 9.60 (2.45) | 9.38 (1.74) | 10.46 (2.15) | 7.46 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = −0.31∗ b = 0.10 c = −0.51∗∗ |
a = −0.09 b = 0.06 c = −0.17 |
| Digit span backward | 6.17 (2.37) | 6.62 (2.42) | 8.04 (2.61) | 12.34 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = −0.61∗∗ b = −0.19 c = −0.51∗∗ |
a = −0.38∗ b = −0.27 c = −0.16 |
| RTV (CPT-OX) | 99.55 (51.97) | 107.00 (60.77) | 79.05 (36.96) | 5.82 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = 0.34∗ b = −0.07 c = 0.39∗∗ |
a = 0.21 b = −0.05 c = 0.26 |
| RTV (Fast Task) | 4.77 (0.77) | 4.37 (0.86) | 3.76 (0.89) | 28.67 | 2, 191 | <0.01 |
a = 0.99∗∗ b = 0.50∗∗ c = 0.59∗∗ |
a = 0.80∗∗ b = 0.58∗∗ c = 0.36∗∗ |
| CE (CPT-OX) | 1.96 (2.44) | 1.98 (2.37) | 0.86 (1.33) | 10.04 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = 0.40∗∗ b = −0.06 c = 0.52∗∗ |
a = 0.29∗ b = −0.04 c = 0.32∗ |
| OE (CPT-OX) |
2.79 (3.76) |
2.01 (3.78) |
0.60 (1.00) |
14.00 |
2, 189 |
<0.01 |
a = 0.61∗∗ b = 0.34 c = 0.44∗∗ |
a = 0.52∗∗ b = 0.38 c = 0.22 |
| ERPs (CPT-OX) | ||||||||
| CNV | −2.76 (1.80) | −3.21 (1.83) | −3.84 (1.86) | 6.75 | 2, 187 | <0.01 |
a = 0.47∗∗ b = 0.25 c = 0.28∗ |
a = 0.43∗∗ b = 0.25 c = 0.21 |
| Cue P3 | 6.51 (0.50) | 6.71 (0.56) | 6.81 (0.44) | 6.86 | 2, 187 | <0.01 |
a = −0.50∗∗ b = −0.38 c = −0.19 |
a = −0.51∗∗ b = −0.38 c = −0.18 |
| No-go P3 |
7.00 (0.46) |
7.06 (0.36) |
7.17 (0.38) |
3.33 |
2, 179 |
0.04 |
a = −0.30∗ b = −0.13 c = −0.26 |
a = −0.23 b = −0.13 c = −0.16 |
| EEG frequency bands (CPT-OX) | ||||||||
| Delta | 1.54 (0.49) | 1.58 (0.54) | 1.45 (0.43) | 1.58 | 2, 188 | 0.21 |
a = 0.16 b = −0.08 c = 0.22 |
a = −0.03 b = −0.07 c = 0.03 |
| Theta | −0.15 (0.53) | −0.15 (0.55) | −0.25 (0.51) | 1.60 | 2, 188 | 0.20 |
a = 0.19 b = −0.08 c = 0.20 |
a = 0.03 b = 0.01 c = 0.03 |
| Alpha | −0.35 (0.62) | −0.41 (0.72) | −0.59 (0.61) | 3.43 | 2, 189 | 0.03 |
a = 0.33∗ b = 0.10 c = 0.22 |
a = 0.26 b = 0.10 c = 0.16 |
| Beta |
−1.65 (0.69) |
−1.63 (0.54) |
−1.80 (0.57) |
2.24 |
2, 189 |
0.11 |
a = 0.18 b = −0.04 c = 0.27 |
a = 0.10 b = −0.03 c = 0.15 |
| Actigraph movement | ||||||||
| Mean intensity | 1.20 (0.74) | 1.03 (0.69) | 0.77 (0.55) | 7.83 | 2, 168 | <0.01 |
a = 0.54∗∗ b = 0.25 c = 0.34∗ |
a = 0.45∗∗ b = 0.26 c = 0.25 |
| Mean count | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.06) | 5.82 | 2, 141 | <0.01 |
a = 0.42∗∗ b = 0.26 c = 0.27 |
a = 0.33∗ b = 0.25 c = 0.19 |
RTV, reaction time variability; CE, commission errors; OE, omission errors; CNV, continuous negative variation *p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01. P-values presented in bold are significant.
a
ADHD persisters vs controls.
b
ADHD persisters vs ADHD remitters.
c
ADHD remitters vs controls.