Table 2.
Comparisons on age, sex, IQ, digit span, cognitive, event-related potential (ERP), electroencephalogram (EEG) and actigraph measure between ADHD groups based on self-report using DSM-5 criteria.
| ADHD persisters (n = 51) | ADHD remitters (n = 57) | Controls (n = 167) | F | df | p | Cohen's dʹ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD) | 18.55 (2.81) | 18.32 (3.27) | 17.77 (2.20) | 2.03 | 2, 191 | 0.13 | |
| Male n (%) |
42 (82%) |
51 (89%) |
127 (76%) |
3.59 |
2, 191 |
0.03 |
|
| Cognitive measures | |||||||
| IQ | 98.29 (16.58) | 97.11 (14.18) | 110.23 (12.15) | 21.41 | 2, 191 | <0.01 |
a = −0.61∗∗ b = 0.08 c = −0.79∗∗ |
| Digit span forward | 9.64 (2.39) | 9.33 (1.76) | 10.46 (2.15) | 7.72 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = −0.30∗ b = 0.15 c = −0.51∗∗ |
| Digit span backward | 6.18 (2.31) | 6.63 (2.45) | 8.04 (2.61) | 12.50 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = −0.62∗∗ b = −0.19 c = −0.48∗∗ |
| RTV (CPT-OX) | 96.62 (51.76) | 109.96 (60.88) | 79.05 (36.96) | 6.08 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = 0.29∗ b = −0.19 c = 0.43∗∗ |
| RTV (Fast Task) | 4.78 (0.89) | 4.39 (0.86) | 3.76 (0.89) | 26.43 | 2, 191 | <0.01 |
a = 0.94∗∗ b = 0.40∗ c = 0.59∗∗ |
| CE (CPT-OX) | 1.86 (2.63) | 2.07 (2.40) | 0.86 (1.33) | 10.33 | 2, 190 | <0.01 |
a = 0.37∗∗ b = −0.15 c = 0.54∗∗ |
| OE (CPT-OX) |
2.60 (3.72) |
2.11 (3.86) |
0.60 (1.00) |
13.59 |
2, 189 |
<0.01 |
a = 0.60∗∗ b = 0.26 c = 0.45∗∗ |
| ERPs (CPT-OX) | |||||||
| CNV | −2.90 (1.91) | −3.11 (1.74) | −3.84 (1.86) | 5.92 | 2, 187 | <0.01 |
a = 0.40∗∗ b = 0.11 c = 0.33∗ |
| Cue P3 | 6.55 (0.51) | 6.69 (0.56) | 6.81 (0.44) | 6.36 | 2, 187 | <0.01 |
a = −0.45∗∗ b = −0.22 c = −0.26 |
| No-go P3 |
7.00 (0.50) |
6.99 (0.45) |
7.17 (0.38) |
3.33 |
2, 179 |
0.04 |
a = −0.26 b = −0.03 c = −0.29∗ |
| EEG frequency bands (CPT-OX) | |||||||
| Delta | 1.54 (0.54) | 1.61 (0.54) | 1.45 (0.43) | 1.88 | 2, 188 | 0.16 |
a = 0.11 b = −0.20 c = 0.26 |
| Theta | −0.17 (0.53) | −0.09 (0.61) | −0.25 (0.51) | 1.66 | 2, 188 | 0.19 |
a = 0.16 b = −0.10 c = 0.23 |
| Alpha | −0.37 (0.61) | −0.40 (0.73) | −0.59 (0.61) | 3.22 | 2, 189 | 0.04 |
a = 0.31∗ b = 0.04 c = 0.23 |
| Beta |
−1.68 (0.68) |
−1.60 (0.54) |
−1.80 (0.57) |
2.69 |
2, 189 |
0.07 |
a = 0.15 b = −0.13 c = 0.31∗ |
| Actigraph movement | |||||||
| Mean intensity | 1.15 (0.75) | 1.06 (0.68) | 0.77 (0.55) | 7.44 | 2, 168 | <0.01 |
a = 0.49∗∗ b = 0.14 c = 0.37∗ |
| Mean count | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.06) | 5.71 | 2, 141 | <0.01 |
a = 0.48∗∗ b = 0.25 c = 0.32∗ |
RTV, reaction time variability; CE, commission errors; OE, omission errors; CNV, continuous negative variation * p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01. P-values presented in bold are significant.
a
ADHD persisters vs controls.
b
ADHD persisters vs ADHD remitters.
c
ADHD remitters vs controls.