The modification of Ti substrate or TiO2 nanostructured layer for improving their functionality.
Notes: (A) The surface modification of Ti disc implants by growth factor-releasing particles to enhance osseointegration. (B) TGF-β1-loaded Ti led to increases in bone-to-implant contact and bone volume within 1 mm macropores. (C) TEM image of antibacterial AgNPs incorporated within TNTs. (A) Reprinted from Shim IK, Chung HJ, Jung MR, et al. Biofunctional porous anodized titanium implants for enhanced bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014;102A:3639–3648,111 with permission from John Wiley and Sons. (B) Reprinted from Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 59, Moioli EK, Clark PA, Xin X, Lal S, Mao JJ, Matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in dental, oral and craniofacial tissue engineering, 308–324,113 Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier. (C) Reprinted from Biomaterials, 32, Zhao L, Wang H, Huo K, et al, Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles 5706–5716,114 Copyright (2011), with permission from Elsevier.
Abbreviations: AgNP, silver nanoparticle; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; TNT, titania nanotube.