Table 3.

Interventions for cerebral palsy

Rehabilitative interventions	Bimanual therapy Constraint-induced movement therapy Goal-directed training Occupational therapy Home programs for improving motor activity performance and/or self-care Robotic rehabilitation (for arm and leg training) Virtual reality rehabilitation
Spasticity management	Baclofen (oral format or intrathecal baclofen) BoNT Diazepam Selective dorsal rhizotomy Orthopedic surgery Single-event multilevel surgery Hip surveillance for maintaining hip joint integrity Orthoses and casting
Other movement disorders management:dystonia	Anticholinergic medications (eg, trihexiphenidyl), tetrabenazine, benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam), and baclofen DBS
Cognitive behavior and social skills interventions	Behavior therapy and coaching; cognitive behavior therapy Communication training (alternative and augmentative communication) Parent training Counseling
Comorbidities interventions	Management of epilepsy (antiepileptic drugs, VNS) Nutritional management, reflux management, swallowing safety, and drooling (eg, dysphagia management, fundoplication, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy) Pain management Bone health management (bisphosphonate medication, vitamin D) Management of bladder dysfunction (urinary retention and incontinence) and bowel dysfunction (constipation and soiling) Management of respiratory complications Management of visual and hearing impairment
Environmental interventions	Assistive technology and assistive devices (eg, wheelchairs, robotics, and communication devices), ECS, and HAS

Abbreviations: BoNT, botulinum toxin; DBS, deep brain stimulation; ECS, environmental control systems; HAS, home automation systems; VNS, vagus nerve stimulation.