Table 1.
Oncolytic viruses: tumor cell entry mechanisms
| Virus | Receptors | Entry mechanism/cell types |
|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus | Integrin and CAR | Internalization through αvβ3 or αvβ5 integrins15 |
| Coxsackievirus | ICAM-1 and DAF | High-level expression in multiple myeloma, melanoma, and breast cancer cells17 |
| Herpesvirus | HVEM and Nectin | Overexpressed in melanoma and carcinomas18 |
| Measles virus | CD46 and SLAM | Prevents cell elimination in a complement pathway19 |
| Newcastle disease virus | No receptor | Endocytosis by cancer cells20 |
| Poliovirus | CD155 | Overexpressed in cancer cells and prevents pathogenesis in neurons22 |
| Vaccinia virus | No receptor | Endocytosis: endosomal or direct delivery21 |
Abbreviations: CAR, coxsackievirus–adenovirus receptor; CD, cluster of differentiation; DAF, decay-accelerating factor; HVEM, herpesvirus entry mediator; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; SLAM, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule.