Figure 1.

(A) The chemical structure of studied biogenic amines; (B) The scheme of amines oxidation in plants, their effects on damaging of membranes and defense mechanisms. H₂O₂ can be removed by catalase and HO· by mannitol. The defense mechanism of GPx/GR and TPx/TR systems and nicotinamide nucleotide TH are also shown. In the scheme, GPx stays for glutathione peroxidase; GRx for glutathione reductase; MPT for mitochondrial permeability transition; TH for transhydrogenase; TPx for thioredoxin peroxidase; and TR for thioredoxin reductase. This scheme was inspired by Agostinelli et al. [2].