Table 2.
Estimated associations between persistent organic pollutants and gestational weight gain.
| Chemical or Congener | IOM GWG Recommendations 1 | Total GWG 2 Beta (95% CI) | AUC 2 Beta (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate OR (95% CI) | Excessive OR (95% CI) | |||
| Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) | ||||
| PBB 153 | 1.11 (0.80, 1.52) |
0.79 (0.52, 1.21) |
−0.70 (−1.66, 0.26) |
−188.62 (−416.34, 39.11) |
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) | ||||
| PBDE 17 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.26) |
0.84 (0.59, 1.20) |
−0.12 (−1.01, 0.77) |
−66.63 (−275.77, 142.51) |
| PBDE 28 | 0.98 (0.70, 1.38) |
0.77 (0.51, 1.17) |
−0.13 (−1.15, 0.89) |
−170.00 (−410.59, 70.59) |
| PBDE 47 | 0.77 (0.51, 1.15) |
0.76 (0.53, 1.10) |
0.52 (−0.50, 1.55) |
−134.47 (−387.02, 118.08) |
| PBDE 66 | 0.98 (0.69, 1.38) |
0.85 (0.59, 1.21) |
−0.60 (−1.54, 0.35) |
−149.42 (−369.62, 70.79) |
| PBDE 85 | 0.67 (0.40, 1.11) |
0.72 (0.49, 1.07) |
0.87 (−0.25, 1.99) |
−59.61 (−340.03, 220.82) |
| PBDE 99 | 0.58 (0.33, 1.04) |
0.74 (0.50, 1.08) |
1.07 (0.00, 2.14) |
−29.29 (−303.56, 244.98) |
| PBDE 100 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) |
0.86 (0.62, 1.20) |
0.18 (−0.78, 1.14) |
−37.15 (−266.77, 192.46) |
| PBDE 153 | 1.01 (0.72, 1.40) |
1.00 (0.74, 1.37) |
0.05 (−0.83, 0.94) |
70.64 (−139.52, 280.79) |
| PBDE 154 | 0.78 (0.50, 1.21) |
0.77 (0.53, 1.14) |
0.71 (−0.33, 1.74) |
-89.74 (−358.65, 179.18) |
| PBDE 183 | 1.48 (0.92, 2.36) |
1.38 (0.87, 2.20) |
−0.34 (−1.23, 0.55) |
−92.64 (−304.01, 118.73) |
| Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) | ||||
| PCB 28 | 0.27 (0.00, 76.04) |
1.34 (0.18, 9.84) |
−0.35 (−1.20, 0.50) |
−5.94 (−208.80, 196.93) |
| PCB 44 | 0.75 (0.02, 33.62) |
3.30 (0.17, 64.18) |
−0.29 (−1.15, 0.57) |
4.63 (−199.72, 208.98) |
| PCB 49 | 0.29 (0.01, 8.23) |
1.17 (0.55, 2.49) |
−0.30 (−1.15, 0.56) |
−0.76 (−204.34, 202.83) |
| PCB 52 | 0.09 (0.00, 10.68) |
1.31 (0.22, 7.65) |
−0.29 (−1.14, 0.56) |
3.90 (−199.10, 206.90) |
| PCB 66 | 1.17 (0.04, 36.10) |
2.14 (0.09, 49.19) |
−0.34 (−1.19, 0.51) |
−4.42 (−207.29, 198.44) |
| PCB 74 | 1.17 (0.47, 2.93) |
1.33 (0.56, 3.16) |
−0.28 (−1.14, 0.58) |
−3.36 (−207.44, 200.73) |
| PCB 87 | 0.89 (0.56, 1.43) |
1.14 (0.78, 1.67) |
0.08 (−0.84, 0.99) |
63.27 (−155.35, 281.89) |
| PCB 99 | 1.14 (0.76, 1.70) |
1.13 (0.77, 1.65) |
−0.09 (−1.07, 0.90) |
0.97 (−234.43, 236.37) |
| PCB 101 | 0.76 (0.39, 1.49) |
1.05 (0.69, 1.61) |
−0.25 (−1.38, 0.88) |
16.69 (−255.24, 288.62) |
| PCB 105 | 1.14 (0.76, 1.72) |
1.09 (0.73, 1.61) |
−0.29 (−1.31, 0.72) |
−41.23 (−283.11, 200.66) |
| PCB 110 | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) |
1.00 (0.72, 1.40) |
−0.31 (−1.24, 0.61) |
−29.07 (−252.09, 193.94) |
| PCB 114 | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) |
0.97 (0.71, 1.33) |
0.03 (−0.89, 0.95) |
22.50 (−195.91, 240.91) |
| PCB 118 | 1.12 (0.74, 1.69) |
1.08 (0.73, 1.59) |
−0.15 (−1.17, 0.88) |
−3.23 (−245.23, 238.77) |
| PCB 128 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.15) |
0.75 (0.49, 1.16) |
0.02 (−1.27, 1.31) |
−105.69 (−440.61, 229.23) |
| PCB 138 | 1.39 (0.91, 2.13) |
1.17 (0.77, 1.78) |
−0.25 (−1.32, 0.83) |
−42.40 (−297.55, 212.75) |
| PCB 146 | 1.21 (0.80, 1.82) |
1.05 (0.70, 1.59) |
−0.17 (−1.24, 0.90) |
−50.26 (−305.14, 204.61) |
| PCB 149 | 3.19 (0.46, 21.95) |
1.89 (0.28, 12.99) |
−2.92 (−7.04, 1.21) |
−316.35 (−1359.90, 727.20) |
| PCB 151 | 8.82 (0.21, 364) |
6.12 (0.15, 252) |
−1.84 (−5.51, 1.84) |
−518.00 (−1419.83, 383.82) |
| PCB 153 | 1.33 (0.87, 2.04) |
1.08 (0.71, 1.66) |
−0.18 (−1.29, 0.93) |
−61.67 (−325.57, 202.24) |
| PCB 156 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.47) |
0.85 (0.60, 1.22) |
0.03 (−0.94, 0.99) |
−80.63 (−309.63, 148.37) |
| PCB 157 | 0.93 (0.66, 1.32) |
0.91 (0.66, 1.27) |
−0.05 (−0.98, 0.89) |
−49.87 (−272.16, 172.43) |
| PCB 167 | 0.96 (0.64, 1.42) |
1.12 (0.79, 1.59) |
0.49 (−0.50, 1.48) |
144.88 (−89.54, 379.30) |
| PCB 170 | 1.36 (0.87, 2.13) |
1.07 (0.68, 1.67) |
−0.09 (−1.26, 1.08) |
−92.31 (−370.58, 185.96) |
| PCB 172 | 1.13 (0.76, 1.68) |
0.88 (0.59, 1.32) |
−0.44 (−1.51, 0.64) |
−71.72 (−327.26, 183.81) |
| PCB 177 | 2.20 (0.99, 4.93) |
1.89 (0.86, 4.16) |
−0.16 (−1.96, 1.64) |
61.23 (−367.63, 490.09) |
| PCB 178 | 1.41 (0.90, 2.22) |
1.14 (0.73, 1.79) |
−0.02 (−1.20, 1.16) |
78.32 (−201.73, 358.37) |
| PCB 180 | 1.33 (0.86, 2.06) |
1.07 (0.69, 1.65) |
0.04 (−1.11, 1.19) |
−34.92 (−307.94, 238.09) |
| PCB 183 | 1.82 (0.96, 3.44) |
1.47 (0.79, 2.75) |
−0.35 (−1.85, 1.16) |
75.20 (−282.92, 433.31) |
| PCB 187 | 1.70 (0.96, 3.01) |
1.29 (0.73, 2.28) |
−0.23 (−1.57, 1.10) |
−44.82 (−362.42, 272.78) |
| PCB 189 | 1.08 (0.77, 1.50) |
1.00 (0.71, 1.39) |
−0.18 (−1.11, 0.74) |
−41.17 (−261.29, 178.96) |
| PCB 194 | 1.14 (0.78, 1.68) |
1.05 (0.72, 1.54) |
0.46 (−0.57, 1.48) |
61.33 (−184.78, 307.44) |
| PCB 195 | 1.31 (0.86, 2.00) |
1.29 (0.86, 1.94) |
0.11 (−0.97, 1.20) |
89.48 (−167.30, 346.25) |
| PCB 196 | 1.30 (0.84, 2.02) |
1.13 (0.74, 1.74) |
0.36 (−0.77, 1.49) |
84.07 (−185.46, 353.61) |
| PCB 201 | 1.12 (0.72, 1.74) |
1.03 (0.67, 1.57) |
0.40 (−0.74, 1.55) |
101.50 (−174.03, 377.04) |
| PCB 206 | 1.17 (0.80, 1.72) |
0.99 (0.67, 1.46) |
0.20 (−0.83, 1.23) |
110.49 (−133.68, 354.66) |
| PCB 209 | 1.28 (0.90, 1.83) |
1.00 (0.70, 1.43) |
0.12 (−0.79, 1.04) |
86.60 (−130.28, 303.48) |
| Organochlorine pesticides | ||||
| HCB | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) |
0.90 (0.64, 1.28) |
0.43 (−0.56, 1.43) |
−70.65 (−315.78, 174.47) |
| β-HCH | 1.04 (0.66, 1.66) |
1.14 (0.77, 1.71) |
0.62 (−0.28, 1.53) |
−118.52 (−612.00, 374.96) |
| γ-HCH |
0.60 (0.37, 0.98) |
0.66 (0.46, 0.97) |
0.25 (−0.75, 1.25) |
39.43 (−197.41, 276.27) |
| Oxychlordane | 1.29 (0.90, 1.86) |
0.91 (0.62, 1.33) |
−0.68 (−1.65, 0.30) |
−135.40 (−367.24, 96.44) |
| Trans-nonachlor | 1.17 (0.82, 1.66) |
0.91 (0.62, 1.34) |
−0.51 (−1.47, 0.44) |
−50.18 (−278.41, 178.06) |
| p,p’-DDT | 1.09 (0.77, 1.56) |
1.07 (0.75, 1.53) |
0.51 (−0.37, 1.38) |
−378.03 (−724.02, −32.05) |
| o,p’-DDT | 1.06 (0.74, 1.51) |
1.06 (0.75, 1.48) |
0.63 (−0.30, 1.57) |
−177.83 (−497.71, 142.05) |
| p,p’-DDE | 1.13 (0.79, 1.61) |
1.06 (0.75, 1.51) |
0.22 (−0.73, 1.16) |
−78.61 (−334.15, 176.92) |
| Mirex | 0.99 (0.49, 1.98) |
1.17 (0.65, 2.09) |
0.27 (−1.33, 1.88) |
289.39 (−86.94, 665.71) |
| Perfluoroalkyls and polyfluoroalkyls (PFAAs) | ||||
| Et-PFOSA-AcOH | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) |
0.87 (0.62, 1.24) |
−0.32 (−1.28, 0.65) |
−3.69 (−231.46, 224.08) |
| Me-PFOSA-AcOH | 0.97 (0.70, 1.35) |
0.82 (0.59, 1.14) |
−0.28 (−1.18, 0.62) |
−93.23 (−308.78, 122.33) |
| PFDeA | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) |
1.12 (0.81, 1.55) |
0.00 (−0.90, 0.90) |
50.68 (−165.79, 267.15) |
| PFNA | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) |
0.98 (0.69, 1.38) |
−0.03 (−1.00, 0.94) |
84.92 (−145.21, 315.06) |
| PFOSA | 0.74 (0.49, 1.11) |
0.93 (0.69, 1.26) |
0.60 (−0.31, 1.51) |
112.99 (−103.87, 329.85) |
| PFOS | 0.70 (0.48, 1.01) |
1.01 (0.72, 1.40) |
0.26 (−0.66, 1.18) |
178.43 (−43.01, 399.87) |
| PFOA | 0.87 (0.61, 1.23) |
1.06 (0.76, 1.47) |
0.09 (−0.84, 1.02) |
0.75 (−220.50, 222.01) |
AUC: Area under the curve; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; GWG: gestational weight gain; IOM: Institute of Medicine; OR: Odds ratio; HCB: Hexachlorobenzene; HCH: Hexachlorocyclohexane; p,p’-DDT: p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane; o,p’-DDT: o,p’-Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane; p,p’-DDE: 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene; Et-PFOSA-AcOH: 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; Me-PFOSA-AcOH: 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; PFDeA: Perfluorodecanoate; PFNA: Perfluorononanoate; PFOS: Perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOA: Perfluorooctanoate. 1 Values are OR (95% CI) estimated from multivariable polytomous regression. Referent: adequate GWG. Adjusted for pre-pregnancy non-fasting serum lipids and BMI. 2 Values are beta (95% CI) estimated from multivariable linear regression. Adjusted for pre-pregnancy non-fasting serum lipids and BMI.