Table 1.
Cohort Characteristics
| Characteristic | All Subjects | HIV− | HIV+ | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 789 | 516 | 273 | NA |
| Length of follow-up, y, mean (SD) | 6.3 (3.2) | 6.0 (3.2) | 6.8 (3.1) | <.01 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Baseline age, y, median (IQR) | 51.0 (50–55) | 51.5 (50–55) | 50.0 (50–52) | <.001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 636 (80.6) | 429 (83.1) | 207 (75.8) | <.01 |
| Black | 112 (14.2) | 62 (12.0) | 50 (18.3) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 21 (2.7) | 15 (2.9) | 6 (2.2) | |
| Other | 15 (1.9) | 10 (1.9) | 5 (1.8) | |
| Education >12 years | 702 (89.0) | 463 (89.7) | 239 (87.5) | .35 |
| Shipley WAIS IQ-Equivalent, mean (SD) | 109.5 (8.9) | 109.1 (10.7) | 106.5 (11.3) | <.01 |
| Depression profile | ||||
| Baseline CES-D score, mean (SD) | 8.9 (9.6) | 8.5 (9.5) | 9.7 (9.8) | .13 |
| Baseline CES-D score ≥16 | 151 (19.1) | 92 (17.8) | 59 (21.6) | .08 |
| Substance use | ||||
| Smoking (highest use on ≥2 visits) | .26 | |||
| None | 574 (72.8) | 386 (74.8) | 188 (68.9) | |
| <1/2 pack per day | 66 (8.4) | 38 (7.4) | 28 (10.3) | |
| 1/2–2 packs per day | 146 (18.5) | 90 (17.4) | 56 (20.5) | |
| Alcohol (highest use on ≥2 visits)a | .07 | |||
| None/light | 111 (14.1) | 71 (13.8) | 40 (14.7) | |
| Occasional/moderate | 566 (71.7) | 379 (73.4) | 187 (68.5) | |
| Heavy/binge | 100 (12.7) | 55 (10.7) | 45 (16.5) | |
| Baseline lipid profile, mg/dL, mean (SD) | ||||
| Total cholesterol | 197.1 (40.4) | 195.1 (36.3) | 201.1 (47.4) | .11 |
| LDL-C | 115.4 (34.8) | 117.2 (33.7) | 111.9 (36.8) | .08 |
| HDL-C | 47.6 (13.3) | 49.0 (12.4) | 44.8 (14.4) | <.001 |
| Triglycerides | 161.0 (123.1) | 136.3 (95.5) | 212.7 (154.8) | <.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medicationb | ||||
| Statin | 304 (38.5) | 164 (31.8) | 140 (51.3) | <.001 |
| Fibrate | 78 (9.9) | 23 (4.5) | 55 (20.1) | <.01 |
| Niacin | 38 (4.8) | 21 (4.1) | 17 (6.2) | .24 |
| HCV antibody positive | 74 (9.4) | 35 (6.8) | 39 (14.3) | <.01 |
| HIV disease characteristics, median (IQR) | ||||
| Baseline CD4, cells/µLc | 805 (569–1055) | 951 (743–1174) | 514 (333–684) | <.001 |
| CD4 nadir in study, cells/µL | 623 (431–840) | 726 (580–916) | 387 (265–536) | <.001 |
| Baseline HIV-1 RNA VL, copies/mLc | 40 (40–40) | |||
| Baseline CPE scorec | 7.0 (6–9) | |||
| Antiretroviral medicationb | ||||
| Azidothymidine | 95 (34.8) | |||
| Efavirenz | 114 (41.8) | |||
| Protease inhibitor | 190 (69.6) | |||
| ddI, d4T, ddC | 106 (38.8) | |||
| Abacavir | 96 (36.2) | |||
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. P values <.05 were considered significant.
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CPE, central nervous system penetration effectiveness; d4T, stavudine; ddC, zalcitabine; ddI, didanosine; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HIV+, human immunodeficiency virus infected; HIV−, human immunodeficiency virus uninfected; IQR, interquartile range; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation; VL, viral load.
a Alcohol use was defined as follows: light, <1 drink/week; occasional to moderate, 1–14 drink(s)/week; heavy, >14 drinks/week; binge, ≥5 drinks in 1 sitting per month.
b Self-reported lipid-lowering medication and antiretroviral therapy medication used on ≥2 visits.
c Baseline values: first visit or within 6 months of study period. See [38] for CPE details.