Table 3.
Average breast milk intake in the first 28 days of life and brain volumes at term equivalent and 7 years of age
| Model 0 (n=96) | Model 1 (n=85) | Model 2 (n=84) | Model 3 (n=84) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% confidence interval) indicates estimated cc increment in brain volume per additional 10 mL average breast milk intake in the first 28 days of life | ||||
| Term equivalent | ||||
| Intracranial volume | 0.01 (−2.78, 2.80) | 0.81 (−2.24, 3.87) | 0.13 (−2.49, 2.76) | −0.28 (−2.74, 2.18) |
| Total brain size | 0.89 (−1.40, 3.17) | 1.54 (−0.87, 3.95) | 1.33 (−0.76, 3.42) | 1.12 (−0.88, 3.12) |
| Total gray matter | −0.02 (−1.48, 1.44) | 0.06 (−1.48, 1.61) | 0.71 (−0.64, 2.07) | 0.65 (−0.76, 2.06) |
| Total white matter | 0.60 (−0.85, 2.05) | 0.97 (−0.64, 2.57) | 0.77 (−0.64, 2.19) | 0.70 (−0.69, 2.08) |
| Myelinated white matter | −0.07 (−0.25, 0.11) | −0.09 (−0.27, 0.10) | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.07) | −0.11 (−0.28, 0.05) |
| Unmyelinated white matter | 0.67 (−0.78, 2.12) | 1.06 (−0.54, 2.65) | 0.88 (−0.53, 2.29) | 0.82 (−0.57, 2.21) |
| Deep nuclear gray matter | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.23) | 0.12 (−0.05, 0.29) | 0.14 (−0.03, 0.30) | 0.13 (−0.03, 0.29) |
| Cerebellum | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.22) | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.25) | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.21) | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.17) |
| Hippocampus | 0.02 (0.002, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.004, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.003, 0.03) |
| 7 years | ||||
| Intracranial volume | 1.72 (−3.87, 7.32) | 1.96 (−3.74, 7.66) | 1.60 (−4.11, 7.31) | 1.93 (−3.97, 7.82) |
| Total brain size | 0.33 (−5.14, 5.81) | 0.54 (−4.89, 5.96) | 0.12 (−5.70, 5.93) | 0.43 (−5.54, 6.41) |
| Total gray matter | 0.19 (−3.48, 3.86) | 0.42 (−3.10, 3.94) | −2.45 (−7.62, 2.72) | −0.35 (−4.83, 4.12) |
| Total white matter | 0.09 (−2.14, 2.32) | 0.06 (−2.16, 2.28) | 0.16 (−1.99, 2.32) | 0.17 (−2.05, 2.40) |
| Deep nuclear gray matter | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.14) | −0.01 (−0.16, 0.15) | 0.00 (−0.15, 0.15) | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.14) |
| Cerebellum | −0.30 (−0.94, 0.33) | −0.31 (−0.95, 0.33) | −0.25 (−0.84, 0.35) | −0.34 (−0.97, 0.29) |
| Hippocampus | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.00 (−0.04, 0.03) |
CI is confidence interval
Model 0 is adjusted for exact age at assessment, gender, gestational age at birth
Model 1 = Model 0 + social risk score
Model 2 = Model 1 + multiple gestation, Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, antenatal or postnatal corticosteroids, neonatal illness (supplemental oxygen dependency at 36 weeks, sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis)
Model 3 = Model 2 + birth-to-term weight z-score change