Table 1.
OHCA incidence, event characteristics, and interventions by age groups.
| Perinatal | Infants | Children | Adolescents | All | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cardiac arrests, n | 60 | 720 | 410 | 548 | 1,738 |
| Male, n (%*) | 25 (42.4) | 387 (58.3) | 223 (58.5) | 301 (64.9) | 936 (59.7) |
| Incidence** | 75.3 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 8.3 | |
| Population | 206,692 | 2,235,577 | 1,735,982 | 4,178,251 | |
| EMS-treated cardiac arrests, n | 59 | 615 | 352 | 403 | 1,429 |
| Male, n (%*) | 25 (42.4) | 362 (59.1) | 207 (58.8) | 266 (66.0) | 860 (60.3) |
| Location | |||||
| Home, n (%*) | 53 (89.8) | 579 (94.3) | 298 (84.9) | 302 (75.1) | 1,232 (86.4) |
| Other private location, n (%*) | 1 (1.7) | 18 (2.9) | 6 (1.7) | 20 (5.0) | 45 (3.2) |
| Public location, n (%*) | 5 (8.5) | 17 (2.8) | 47 (13.4) | 80 (19.9) | 149 (10.4) |
| Unknown, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) |
| Initial rhythm | |||||
| VT/VF, n (%) | 1 (1.7) | 8 (1.3) | 16 (4.5) | 78 (19.4) | 103 (7.2) |
| PEA, n (%) | 7 (11.9) | 73 (11.9) | 61 (17.3) | 63 (15.6) | 204 (14.3) |
| Asystole, n (%) | 13 (22.0) | 451 (73.3) | 223 (63.4) | 219 (54.3) | 906 (63.4) |
| Other/unknown, n (%) | 38 (64.4) | 83 (13.5) | 52 (14.8) | 43 (10.7) | 216 (15.1) |
| Witnessed status, n (%) | 41 (69.5) | 90 (14.6) | 133 (37.8) | 163 (40.4) | 427 (29.9) |
| Bystander CPR, n (%) | 14 (23.7) | 304 (49.4) | 198 (56.3) | 201 (49.9) | 717 (50.2) |
| EMS interventions | |||||
| Airway | |||||
| Bag/mask, n (%) | 55 (93.2) | 577 (93.8) | 330 (93.8) | 384 (95.3) | 1,346 (94.2) |
| Intubation attempted, n (%) | 26 (44.1) | 362 (58.9) | 237 (67.3) | 275 (68.2) | 900 (63.0) |
| Supraglottic attempted, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.8) | 15 (4.3) | 62 (15.4) | 82 (5.7) |
| Resuscitation drug, n (%) | 9 (15.3) | 386 (62.8) | 243 (69.0) | 310 (76.9) | 948 (66.3) |
| Epinephrine | 9 (15.3) | 385 (62.6) | 239 (67.9) | 300 (74.4) | 933 (65.3) |
| Bicarbonate | 0 (0.0) | 63 (10.2) | 35 (9.9) | 84 (20.8) | 182 (12.7) |
| Atropine | 1 (1.7) | 98 (15.9) | 85 (24.1) | 208 (51.6) | 392 (27.4) |
| Calcium | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.3) | 2 (0.3) | 12 (3.0) | 22 (1.5) |
| IV or IO attempts | 12 (20.3) | 460 (74.8) | 293 (83.2) | 351 (87.1) | 1,116 (78.1) |
| EMS defibrillation | 2 (3.4) | 18 (2.9) | 36 (10.2) | 108 (26.8) | 164 (11.5) |
| #shocks, mean (sd)*** | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.9) | 2.1 (1.5) | 3.0 (2.9) | 2.6 (2.5) |
| Scene time (min), median | 14.8 | 16.0 | 19.5 | 24.0 | 19.7 |
| Interquartile range | 10.3, 24.0 | 9.5, 24.3 | 12.7, 26.0 | 17.7, 31.7 | 12.0, 27.5 |
| ROSC prior to hospital arrival, n (%) | 16 (26.7) | 47 (6.5) | 71 (17.3) | 148 (27.0) | 282 (16.2) |
| ROSC at ED arrival, n (%) | 16 (26.7) | 38 (5.3) | 58 (14.1) | 127 (23.2) | 239 (13.8) |
| Survival to hospital discharge, n (%) | 13 (24.5) | 23 (3.2) | 37 (9.3) | 69 (12.7) | 142 (8.3) |
| Transported to hospital with ongoing resuscitation, n (%) | 58 (98.3) | 467 (75.9) | 305 (86.6) | 311 (77.2) | 1,141 (79.8) |
| ROSC prior to hospital arrival, n (%) | 16 (27.1) | 47 (7.6) | 71 (20.2) | 148 (36.7) | 282 (19.7) |
| ROSC at ED arrival, n (%) | 16 (27.1) | 38 (6.2) | 58 (16.5) | 127 (31.5) | 239 (16.7) |
| Survival to hospital discharge, n (%*) | 13 (25.0) | 23 (3.8) | 37 (10.9) | 71 (17.3) | 142 (10.2) |
| Odds ratio for survival# (95% CI) | 1.4 (0.5, 4.1) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | Referent | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) | n/a |
Percent known
For 100,000 person-years, adjusted for sex; incidence rates by age group is statistically significant at p < 0.001 from a chi-squared test
For those administered one or greater shocks
EMS, emergency medical services; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; IV, intravenous; IO, intraosseous
Adjusted for covariates of: sex, advanced airway attempts, epinephrine, iv/io attempts, initial rhythm, witness status, region, and first arriving ALS EMS crew; survival by age group statistically significant at p = 0.02, likelihood ratio test
ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; EMS, emergency medical services; ALS, advanced life support; ED, emergency department