Table 2.
Incidence and outcomes by year.
| 7/2007 to 6/2008 | 7/2008 to 6/2009 | 7/2009 to6/2010 | 7/2010 to6/2011 | 7/2011 to 6/2012 | All | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cardiac arrests, n | 339 | 280 | 348 | 388 | 383 | 1,738 |
| Perinatal, n (%) | 12 (3.5) | 8 (2.9) | 15 (4.3) | 12 (3.1) | 13 (3.4) | 60 (3.5) |
| Infants, n (%) | 137 (40.4) | 121 (43.2) | 146 (42.0) | 163 (42.0) | 153 (39.9) | 720 (41.4) |
| Children, n (%) | 87 (25.7) | 58 (20.7) | 70 (20.1) | 97 (25.0) | 98 (25.6) | 410 (23.6) |
| Adolescents, n (%) | 103 (30.4) | 93 (33.2) | 117 (33.6) | 116 (29.9) | 119 (31.1) | 548 (31.5) |
| Male, n (%*) | 176 (57.9) | 151 (58.1) | 208 (60.6) | 223 (60.4) | 178 (61.7) | 936 (59.7) |
| Incidence** | 8.1 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 8.3 |
| EMS treated, % | 83.5 | 84.6 | 82.5 | 85.3 | 76.0 | 82.2 |
| Survival to hospital discharge, n (%*) | 22 (6.7) | 23 (8.3) | 36 (10.2) | 30 (7.2) | 36 (9.3) | 142 (8.3) |
| EMS-treated cardiac arrests, n | 283 | 237 | 287 | 331 | 291 | 1,429 |
| Transported to hospital w/ ongoing resuscitation | 229 (80.9) | 186 (78.5) | 234 (81.5) | 259 (78.2) | 233 (80.1) | 1,141 (79.8) |
| ROSC prior to ED arrival | 46 (16.3) | 46 (19.4) | 66 (23.0) | 70 (21.1) | 54 (18.6) | 282 (19.7) |
| ROSC at hospital | 40 (14.1) | 40 (16.9) | 55 (19.2) | 55 (16.6) | 49 (16.8) | 239 (16.7) |
| Survival to hospital discharge, n (%*) | 22 (8.1) | 23 (9.8) | 35 (12.4) | 27 (8.5) | 35 (12.3) | 142 (10.2) |
| Odds ratio for survival***, (95% CI) | referent | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.9) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.1) | n/a |
| Male, n (%*) | 168 (59.4) | 140 (59.3) | 176 (61.3) | 198 (60.0) | 178 (61.3) | 860 (60.3) |
| Location | ||||||
| Home, n (%*) | 248 (87.6) | 196 (82.7) | 247 (86.1) | 285 (86.4) | 256 (88.6) | 1232 (86.4) |
| Other private location, n (%*) | 10 (3.5) | 9 (3.8) | 5 (1.7) | 11 (3.3) | 10 (3.5) | 45 (3.2) |
| Public location, n (%*) | 25 (8.8) | 32 (13.5) | 35 (12.2) | 34 (10.3) | 23 (8.0) | 149 (10.4) |
| Unknown, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) |
| Initial Rhythm | ||||||
| VT/VF, n (%) | 19 (6.7) | 12 (5.1) | 24 (8.4) | 26 (7.9) | 22 (7.6) | 103 (7.2) |
| PEA, n (%) | 35 (12.4) | 35 (14.8) | 42 (14.6) | 51 (15.4) | 41 (14.1) | 204 (14.3) |
| Asystole, n (%) | 184 (65.0) | 142 (59.9) | 172 (59.9) | 215 (65.0) | 193 (66.3) | 906 (63.4) |
| Other/unknown, n (%) | 45 (15.9) | 48 (20.3) | 49 (17.1) | 39 (11.8) | 35 (12.0) | 216 (15.1) |
| Witnessed Status, n (%) | 79 (27.9) | 61 (25.7) | 86 (30.0) | 116 (35.0) | 85 (29.2) | 427 (29.9) |
| Bystander CPR, n (%) | 147 (51.9) | 111 (46.8) | 143 (49.8) | 166 (50.2) | 150 (51.5) | 717 (50.2) |
| EMS interventions | ||||||
| Airway | ||||||
| Bag/mask, n (%) | 259 (91.5) | 222 (93.7) | 277 (96.5) | 309 (93.4) | 279 (95.9) | 1346 (94.2) |
| Intubation attempted, n (%) | 201 (71.0) | 161 (67.9) | 178 (62.0) | 200 (60.4) | 160 (55.0) | 900 (63.0) |
| Supraglottic attempted, n (%) | 11 (3.9) | 16 (6.8) | 20 (7.0) | 17 (5.1) | 18 (6.2) | 82 (5.7) |
| Resuscitation drug therapy, n (%) | 185 (65.4) | 157 (66.2) | 196 (68.3) | 221 (66.8) | 189 (64.9) | 948 (66.3) |
| Epinephrine | 179 (63.3) | 155 (65.4) | 191 (66.6) | 220 (66.5) | 188 (64.6) | 933 (65.3) |
| Bicarbonate | 36 (12.7) | 34 (14.3) | 41 (14.3) | 36 (10.9) | 35 (12.0) | 182 (12.7) |
| Atropine | 97 (34.3) | 79 (33.3) | 82 (28.6) | 96 (29.0) | 38 (13.1) | 392 (27.4) |
| Calcium | 5 (1.8) | 8 (3.4) | 6 (2.1) | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (1.5) |
| IV or IO attempts | 220 (77.7) | 180 (75.9) | 224 (78.0) | 261 (78.9) | 231 (79.4) | 1116 (78.1) |
| EMS defibrillation | 38 (13.4) | 25 (10.5) | 40 (13.9) | 37 (11.2) | 24 (8.2) | 164 (11.5) |
| Number shocks, mean (sd)# | 2.5 (2.5) | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.3 (2.3) | 2.8 (2.2) | 3.3 (3.9) | 2.6 (2.5) |
*
Percent known
**
For 100,000 person-years, adjusted for sex and age group; incidence rates by year significant at p < 0.001, chi-squared test, but no linear trend identified
***
Adjusted for covariates of: sex, 911 to EMS arrival, age group, initial rhythm, witness status, region, first arriving ALS EMS crew, bystander witness, and advanced airway attempts; survival rates by year not statistically significant at p=0.24, likelihood ratio test
EMS, emergency medical services; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation, ALS, advanced life support
#
For those administered one or greater shocks