Table 2.
Characteristics classified by 3-dimensional sleep scale (3DSS) scores
| Total | All Good Sleep | Owl | Inefficient | Short | Owl + Inefficient | Owl + Short | Inefficient + Short | All Poor Sleep | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||||||
| Under 39 | 274 (43.1) | 48 (39.3) | 44 (62.9)a | 19 (31.1)b | 27 (44.3) | 15 (40.5) | 46 (54.1)a | 28 (25.7)b | 47 (52.2) | |
| Over 40 | 361 (56.9) | 74 (60.7) | 26 (37.1)b | 42 (68.9)a | 34 (55.7) | 22 (59.5) | 39 (45.9)b | 81 (74.3)a | 43 (47.8) | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 461 (72.6) | 97 (79.5) | 50 (71.4) | 40 (65.6) | 37 (60.7)b | 30 (81.1) | 56 (65.9) | 83 (76.1) | 68 (75.6) | |
| Female | 174 (27.4) | 25 (20.5) | 20 (28.6) | 21 (34.4) | 24 (39.3)a | 7 (18.9) | 29 (34.1) | 26 (23.9) | 22 (24.4) | |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single | 202 (31.8) | 19 (15.6)b | 24 (34.3) | 16 (26.2) | 11 (18.0)b | 13 (35.1) | 41 (48.2)a | 27 (24.8) | 51 (56.7)a | |
| Married | 406 (63.9) | 97 (79.5)a | 45 (64.3) | 43 (70.5) | 44 (72.1) | 24 (64.9) | 41 (48.2)b | 75 (68.8) | 37 (41.1)b | |
| Other | 27 (4.3) | 6 (4.9) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (3.3) | 6 (9.8)a | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.5) | 7 (6.4) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Company (mainly) | ||||||||||
| Manufacturing | 407 (64.1) | 86 (70.5) | 48 (68.6) | 41 (67.3) | 38 (62.3) | 21 (56.7) | 48 (56.4) | 79 (72.5) | 46 (51.1) | |
| Service | 228 (35.9) | 36 (29.5) | 22 (31.4) | 20 (32.8) | 23 (37.7) | 16 (43.2) | 37 (43.5) | 30 (27.5) | 44 (48.9) | |
| Suicidal ideation | ||||||||||
| No | 516 (81.3) | 116 (95.1)a | 59 (84.3) | 51 (83.6) | 53 (86.9) | 31 (83.8) | 65 (76.5) | 83 (76.1) | 58 (64.4)b | |
| Yes | 119 (18.7) | 6 (4.9)b | 11 (15.7) | 10 (16.4) | 8 (13.1) | 6 (16.2) | 20 (23.5) | 26 (23.9) | 32 (35.6)a | |
| Hopelessness | ||||||||||
| No | 465 (73.2) | 106 (86.9)a | 54 (77.1) | 41 (67.2) | 53 (86.9)a | 25 (67.6) | 58 (68.2) | 74 (67.9) | 54 (60.0)b | |
| Yes | 170 (26.8) | 16 (13.1)b | 16 (22.9) | 20 (32.8) | 8 (13.1)b | 12 (32.4) | 27 (31.8) | 35 (32.1) | 36 (40.0)a | |
| Nightmares | ||||||||||
| No | 555 (87.4) | 118 (96.7)a | 64 (91.4) | 52 (85.2) | 57 (93.4) | 35 (94.6) | 73 (85.9) | 85 (78.0)b | 71 (78.9)b | |
| Yes | 80 (12.6) | 4 (3.3)b | 6 (8.6) | 9 (14.8) | 4 (6.6) | 2 (5.4) | 12 (14.1) | 24 (22.0)a | 19 (21.1)a | |
| SDS scores (Mean ± SD) without sleep item | 39.7 ± 7.3 | 34.9 ± 6.2* | 37.5 ± 7.2 | 39.9 ± 7.2 | 38.0 ± 6.1 | 39.4 ± 5.9 | 40.7 ± 6.9 | 42.6 ± 6.9 | 44.4 ± 6.5 | |
The overall SDS score (Mean ± SD) including a sleep item was 41.2 ± 7.6
SDS self-rating depression scale
aSignificantly high rate by χ 2 test
bSignificantly low rate by χ 2 test
* Significant differences between All Good Sleep and other sleep types, except Owl type, by Dunnett’s t-test