Table 1.
Means and standard deviations for the main variables in the study by age group.
| lVariable | 3–4 years (n = 79) | 4–5 years (n = 113) | 5–6 years (n = 112) | ηp2 | Cohen’s d |
| lShS. Control | |||||
| lTimea | 30.56 (15.55) | 25.57 (13.11) | 19.08 (6.13) | 0.13∗∗ | |
| lCorrect answers | 14.30 (2.10) | 14.71 (1.59) | 14.96 (0.18) | 0.03∗ | |
| lEfficiency | 0.54 (0.21) | 0.66 (0.22) | 0.83 (0.20) | 0.22∗∗ | |
| lShS. Inhibit | |||||
| lTime | 46.86 (19.67) | 35.35 (17.08) | 25.32 (10.65) | 0.22∗∗ | |
| lCorrect answers | 11.67 (4.01) | 13.45 (3.50) | 14.49 (1.09) | 0.12∗∗ | |
| lEfficiency | 0.25 (0.16) | 0.43 (0.22) | 0.62 (0.23) | 0.31∗∗ | |
| lShS. Switch | – | ||||
| lTime | 46.54 (24.06) | 35.29 (13.12) | 0.58∗∗ | ||
| lCorrect answers | 11.99 (3.33) | 13.42 (2.57) | -0.48∗∗ | ||
| lEfficiency | 0.24 (0.19) | 0.39 (0.17) | -0.81∗∗ | ||
| lShS. Inhibition-switch | – | ||||
| lTime | 49.16 (19.10) | 39.72 (2.54) | 0.58∗∗ | ||
| lCorrect answers | 10.10 (3.92) | 12.29 (3.26) | -0.61∗∗ | ||
| lEfficiency | 0.12 (0.19) | 0.25 (0.20) | -0.66∗∗ | ||
| lWord Span | |||||
| lWSF | 3.73 (1.28) | 4.37 (1.20) | 4.89 (1.06) | 0.13∗∗ | |
| lWSB | 0.27 (0.74) | 1.02 (1.21) | 2.09 (1.17) | 0.31∗∗ | |
| lWPPSI-III | |||||
| lVocabulary | 12.82 (3.47) | 14.09 (4.93) | 20.15 (6.47) | 0.27∗∗ | |
| lSymbol search | 4.04 (3.97) | 8.11 (6.46) | 14.74 (8.35) | 0.42∗∗ | |
| lWord reasoning | 9.22 (4.83) | 13.83 (5.61) | 19.40 (4.40) | 0.39∗∗ | |
| lPicture completion | 9.34 (5.02) | 13.03 (5.27) | 19.69 (5.62) | 0.38∗∗ |
ShS, Shape School; WSF, word span forward; WSB, word span backward. aTime in seconds for the four Shape School conditions. ∗p < 0.050; ∗∗p < 0.001.