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. 2016 Sep 27;7:419. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00419

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Copyright © 2016 Behar, Ganesan, Zhang and Yaniv.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model simulations in response to sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Membrane voltage, main membrane currents, AC-cAMP-PKA signaling, and Ca²⁺ cycling (flux and concentration) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the basal state or in response to sympathetic stimulation (via adrenergic receptors, red curve) using isoproterenol (ISO) or parasympathetic stimulation (via cholinergic receptors, green curve) using carbachol (CCh). The panels show: (A) The membrane voltage (V_m); (B) cAMP level; (C) PKA activity level; (D) the flux of Ca²⁺ exiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum (j_SRCarel); (E) Ca²⁺ concentration in the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum compartment (Ca_jSR); (F) the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger current (I_NCX); (G) funny-current (I_f); (H) L-type current (I_CaL); and (I) muscarinic activated current (I_KACh).