Table 3. Odds ratios for poor instrumental activities of daily living associated with the type and frequency of social participation, stratified by gender (reference: non-participation of each group).

	Crude		Model 1a		Model 2b
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)
Males (n = 6935)
Volunteer groups
Several times a year	0.52	(0.40–0.68)*	0.60	(0.45–0.79)*	0.75	(0.56–0.99)*
Several times a month	0.54	(0.41–0.71)*	0.69	(0.52–0.93)*	0.87	(0.65–1.17)
Once or more a week	0.54	(0.41–0.70)*	0.65	(0.49–0.87)*	0.82	(0.61–1.10)
Sports groups
Several times a year	0.40	(0.30–0.54)*	0.53	(0.39–0.72)*	0.61	(0.45–0.84)*
Several times a month	0.44	(0.34–0.57)*	0.65	(0.49–0.85)*	0.78	(0.59–1.03)
Once or more a week	0.50	(0.42–0.60)*	0.68	(0.56–0.83)*	0.79	(0.64–0.97)*
Hobby groups
Several times a year	0.51	(0.41–0.64)*	0.66	(0.53–0.84)*	0.82	(0.65–1.04)
Several times a month	0.41	(0.33–0.50)*	0.57	(0.46–0.71)*	0.70	(0.56–0.88)*
Once or more a week	0.46	(0.38–0.55)*	0.65	(0.53–0.79)*	0.80	(0.65–1.00)
Senior citizens’ clubs
Several times a year	0.81	(0.61–1.05)	0.71	(0.53–0.95)*	0.87	(0.65–1.18)
Several times a month	0.72	(0.54–0.97)*	0.68	(0.50–0.94)*	0.85	(0.62–1.18)
Once or more a week	0.61	(0.41–0.90)*	0.53	(0.35–0.81)*	0.63	(0.41–0.97)*
Neighborhood community associations
Several times a year	0.53	(0.46–0.62)*	0.68	(0.59–0.80)*	0.78	(0.67–0.92)*
Several times a month	0.41	(0.31–0.54)*	0.56	(0.42–0.74)*	0.70	(0.52–0.94)*
Once or more a week	0.58	(0.40–0.85)*	0.74	(0.50–1.10)	1.07	(0.71–1.60)
Cultural groups
Several times a year	0.52	(0.40–0.69)*	0.66	(0.49–0.89)*	0.85	(0.63–1.15)
Several times a month	0.52	(0.37–0.71)*	0.75	(0.53–1.05)	0.95	(0.67–1.35)
Once or more a week	0.56	(0.37–0.85)*	0.71	(0.46–1.10)	0.84	(0.53–1.31)
Females (n = 8021)
Volunteer groups
Several times a year	0.25	(0.15–0.41)*	0.56	(0.32–0.99)*	0.97	(0.53–1.80)
Several times a month	0.19	(0.12–0.30)*	0.41	(0.23–0.73)*	0.74	(0.40–1.37)
Once or more a week	0.20	(0.13–0.33)*	0.30	(0.17–0.56)*	0.52	(0.27–0.99)*
Sports groups
Several times a year	0.09	(0.03–0.29)*	0.31	(0.09–1.07)	0.63	(0.18–2.16)
Several times a month	0.04	(0.01–0.13)*	0.10	(0.03–0.32)*	0.15	(0.04–0.49)*
Once or more a week	0.06	(0.04–0.09)*	0.15	(0.09–0.25)*	0.23	(0.14–0.39)*
Hobby groups
Several times a year	0.22	(0.14–0.34)*	0.34	(0.20–0.57)*	0.57	(0.33–0.99)*
Several times a month	0.11	(0.08–0.15)*	0.25	(0.17–0.36)*	0.37	(0.25–0.55)*
Once or more a week	0.07	(0.04–0.10)*	0.17	(0.11–0.27)*	0.28	(0.18–0.45)*
Senior citizens’ clubs
Several times a year	0.80	(0.59–1.08)	0.53	(0.36–0.77)*	0.75	(0.50–1.12)
Several times a month	0.55	(0.41–0.75)*	0.35	(0.24–0.51)*	0.55	(0.37–0.81)*
Once or more a week	0.30	(0.17–0.55)*	0.20	(0.10–0.40)*	0.30	(0.15–0.61)*
Neighborhood community associations
Several times a year	0.12	(0.09–0.16)*	0.33	(0.24–0.44)*	0.45	(0.33–0.62)*
Once or more a month	0.06	(0.03–0.12)*	0.11	(0.05–0.23)*	0.15	(0.07–0.34)*
Cultural groups
Several times a year	0.10	(0.06–0.19)*	0.24	(0.12–0.48)*	0.36	(0.18–0.73)*
Several times a month	0.11	(0.06–0.19)*	0.19	(0.10–0.35)*	0.29	(0.15–0.57)*
Once or more a week	0.07	(0.03–0.15)*	0.20	(0.09–0.48)*	0.39	(0.16–0.94)*

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

*P < 0.05.

^aAdjusted for age, family structure, BMI, pensions, occupational status, the number of medications used, self-reported medical conditions, self-rated health, smoking, alcohol consumption, activities of daily living, depression, and cognitive function.

^bIn addition to the factors in Model 1, social network, social support, and social role were included.