Table 3.
Examples of thermozymes obtained by functional metagenomics.
| Family | Activity | Metagenomic DNA source | Vector | Host | Substrate | Total No. clones | Positive clones | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lypolitic enzymes | Lipase | Biomass sequencing fed-batch reactor | pIAFS2 | E. coli LE392MP | Tributyrin | 10,000 | 10 | Meilleur et al., 2009 |
| Lipase | Oil field soil | pZErO-2 | E. coli TOP10 | Tributyrin, rhodamine B | 83,000 | 1 | Fan et al., 2011 | |
| Lipase | Botanical Garden soil, Hamburg, Germany | pSuperCos | E. coli EPI100 | Tributyrin | 6500 | 2 | Chow et al., 2012 | |
| Lipase | Industrial wastewater treatment plant | pBeloBAC11 | E. coli DH10B | Tributyrin, rhodamine B | 40,000 | 12 | Sharma et al., 2012 | |
| Lipase | Activated sludge | pUC18 | E. coli DH5α | Tricaprylin | 130,000 | 1 | Roh and Schmid, 2013 | |
| Lipase/Esterase | Hot spring, Kamchatka Peninsula | pCR-XL-TOPO | E. coli DH5α | Tributyrin | – | 3 | Wemheuer et al., 2013 | |
| Lipase/Esterase | Oil polluted mud flat | pUC19 | E. coli DH5α | Glyceryl trioctanoate | 3000 | 2 | Kim et al., 2015 | |
| Esterase | Poly(DL-lactic acid) disks in compost | pUC18 | E. coli DH10B | PLA solution | 40,000 | 7 | Mayumi et al., 2008 | |
| Esterase | Compost | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Tributyrin, gum arabic | 13,000 | 10 | Kang et al., 2011 | |
| Esterase | Turpan Basin soil, China | pUC118 | E. coli TOP10 | Caprylate | 21,000 | 3 | Fan et al., 2012a | |
| Esterase | Turpan Basin soil, China | pUC118 | E. coli DH5α | Caprylate | 26,000 | 1 | Fan et al., 2012b | |
| Esterase | Activated sludge | pBluescript SK+ | E. coli DH5α | Tributyrin | 40,000 | 1 | Shao et al., 2013 | |
| Esterase | Turpan Basin soil, China | pUC118 | E. coli DH5α | Tributyrin | 200,000 | 19 | Wang et al., 2013 | |
| Esterase | Deep-sea hydrothermal field, East Pacific | pUC18 | E. coli XL1-blue | Tributyrin | – | – | Zhu et al., 2013 | |
| Esterase | Guayas Basin smoker chimmeney | pCC2FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Tributyrin | 18,000 | 7 | Fu et al., 2015 | |
| Esterase | Oil polluted mud flat | pUC19 | E. coli DH5α | Tributyrin | 3000 | 7 | Kim et al., 2015 | |
| Esterase | Hot spring, Furnas, Azores | pCT3FK | T. thermophilus BL03 | Tributyrin | 7968 | 6 | Leis et al., 2015 | |
| Esterase | Hot spring water Lobios, Galicia, Spain | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Tributyrin | 11,600 | 6 | López-López et al., 2015b | |
| Glycosidase | Cellulase | Compost | pCC2FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | CMC Trypan blue | 12,380 | 2 | Kwon et al., 2010 |
| Cellulase | Biogas plant and elephant feces | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | CMC Congo red | 29,000 | 14 | Ilmberger et al., 2012 | |
| Cellulase | Activated sludge | pUC18 | E. coli DH5α | CMC | 32,000 | 4 | Sharma et al., 2012 | |
| β-glucosidase | Hot spring water, mud and sediment | pCR-XL-TOPO | E. coli TOP10 | Esculin hydrate, ferricammonium citrate | – | 1 | Schröder et al., 2014 | |
| β-glucosidase | Thermophilic methanogenic digester | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Esculin hydrate, ferricammonium citrate | – | – | Wang et al., 2015 | |
| β-glucosidase | Termite hindgut | pUC118 | E. coli DH5α | Esculin hydrate, ferricammonium citrate | 800,000 | 13 | Gao et al., 2016 | |
| β-galactosidase | Hot spring, Hymalaya, India | pSMART LCamp | E. coli DH10B | X-gal | 10,000 | 1 | Gupta et al., 2012 | |
| β-galactosidase | Turpan Basin soil, China | pUC19ΔlacZ | E. coli DH5α | X-gal | 8000 | 1 | Zhang et al., 2013 | |
| β-galactosidase | Turpan Basin soil, China | pUC19ΔlacZ | E. coli DH5α | X-gal | 700,000 | 1 | Wang et al., 2014 | |
| Xylanase | Compost | pCC2FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Xylan | 12,380 | 5 | Kwon et al., 2010 | |
| Endoxylanase | Compost-soil | p18 GFP | E. coli DH10B | RBB-xylan | 180,000 | 1 | Verma et al., 2013 | |
| β-xylosidase | Thermophilic methanogenic digester | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Esculin hydrate, ferricammonium citrate | – | – | Wang et al., 2015 | |
| Various | Raw and torrified wheat straw | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | X-fuc, X-gal, X-Xyl, X-Man, X-cel, X-glu | 44,000 | 71 | Maruthamuthu et al., 2016 | |
| Amylase | α-amylase | Western Ghats soil | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Potassium iodide solution | 76,000 | 1 | Vidya et al., 2011 |
| α-amylase | Biogas reactor | pBK-CMV | E. coli XLOLR | AZCL-amylose | 2000 | 1 | Jabbour et al., 2013 | |
| Phosphatase | Phytase | Soil | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Phytate | 14,000 | 28 | Tan et al., 2014 |
| Protease | Serine protease | Sand Gobi desert | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Skim milk | 17,000 | 16 | Neveu et al., 2011 |
| Serine protease | Sand Death Valley desert | pBSKII+ | E. coli DH10B | Skim milk | 30,000 | 1 | Neveu et al., 2011 | |
| Serine protease | Soil | pHT01 | E. coli DH10B | AZCL-casein | – | 1 | Biver et al., 2013 | |
| Patatin-like protein | Hot spring, Kamchatka | pCR-XL-TOPO | E. coli DH5α | Skim milk | – | 1 | Wemheuer et al., 2013 | |
| Serine protease | Hot spring, Chumathang Ladakh | pUC18 | E. coli DH5α | Casein | 9000 | 1 | Singh et al., 2015 | |
| Oxidoreductase | Extradiol dioxygenase | Activated sludge | pCC1FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Catechol | 96,000 | 91 | Suenaga et al., 2007 |
| Oil reservoir | pCC2FOS | E. coli EPI300T1R | Hexadecane | 5000 | 72 | de Vasconcellos et al., 2010 | ||
| Dioxygenase | Activated sludge | pBeloBAC11 | E. coli DH10B | Phenol, catechol | 40,000 | 4 | Sharma et al., 2012 |